11.3 Flashcards
___ - When there are urgent
demands or expectations for a person’s
behavior coming from an outside source,
that person is experiencing ___.
Pressure
+__ occurs when people feel
that they must work harder, faster,
or do more, as when meeting a
deadline or studying for final
exams.
Pressure
___is one of the most
common forms of pressure.
Although some people claim to
“work well under pressure,” the
truth is that pressure can have a
negative impact on a person’s
ability to be creative.
Time pressure
___ - A psychologist who
gathered research within actual work
settings strongly indicating that when
time pressure is applied to workers who
are trying to come up with creative,
innovative ideas, creativity levels decrease
dramatically.
Teresa Amabile
degree of control that the person
has over a particular event or
situation.
Uncontrollability
Researchers in both clinical
interviews and experimental
studies have found that lack
of control in a situation actually
increases ___
stress disorder
Symptoms
__the psychological experience produced
by urgent demands or expectations for a
person’s behavior that come from an outside
source.
pressure
____ found
that those residents who were given more control over their lives were more vigorous, active, and sociable than those in
the control group.
Rodin and Langer
___ - occurs when people are
blocked or prevented from achieving a
desired goal or fulfilling a perceived need.
Frustration
frustration can be ___,
such as when a car breaks down, a desired job offer doesn’t come through after all, or a
theft results in the loss of one’s belongings. Losses, rejections, failures, and delays are all
sources of external frustration.
external
The ____
of a frustration is affected by how important the goal or need actually is.
seriousness
___, also known as __ frustrations, occur when the goal or need
cannot be attained because of internal or personal characteristics
Internal frustrations ; personal
___, or
the continuation of efforts to get around whatever is causing the frustration.
persistence
__
may involve making more intense efforts or changing the style of response
Persistence
___, or action meant to harm or destroy, is unfortunately another typical reaction
to frustration.
Aggression
Early psychologists in the field of behaviorism proposed a connection
between frustration and aggression, calling it the ____
frustration–aggression hypothesis
frustration creates an internal “readiness
to aggress” but that aggression will not follow unless certain___are also
present.
external cues
to take out one’s
frustrations on less threatening, more available targets, in a process called __
displaced
aggression
____ is when we direct
our anger toward someone or something
unrelated to the situation that made us
angry.
Displaced aggression -
___, or habitual
targets of displaced aggression.
___ are often pets, children, spouses, and
even minority group
scapegoats
___
can take the form of leaving, dropping out of school, quitting a job, or ending
a relationship.
Escape or withdrawal
Some people manage a psychological escape or withdrawal into ___
(ceasing to care about or act upon the situation), ___ (which is only a temporary escape),
or the ___
apathy, fantasy, use of drugs.
Whenever you find yourself torn between two or more competing and incompatible
desires, goals, or actions, you are in __
conflict
___ a person experiences
desire for two goals, each of which is attractive. Typically, this type of conflict, often called a
“win–win situation,” is relatively easy to resolve and does not involve a great deal of stress.
approach–approach conflict,
___conflicts are much more
stressful. In this conflict, the choice is between two or more goals or events that are
unpleasant.
Avoidance–avoidance
__conflicts are a bit different in that
they only involve one goal or event. That goal or event may have both positive and negative
aspects that make the goal appealing and yet unappealing at the same time.
Approach–avoidance
When the choice is between two goals that
have both positive and negative elements to each goal, it is called a___
double approach–
avoidance conflict.
___
conflict in which the person must decide
between more than two goals, with each
goal possessing both positive and negative
aspects
multiple approach–avoidance
conflict
