11.4-11.5 Flashcards
It is the s___that reacts when
the human body is subjected to stress: Heart rate increases, digestion slows
or shuts down, and energy is sent to the muscles to help deal with whatever
action the stressful situation requires.
sympathetic nervous system,
The __
_returns
the body to normal, day-to-day functioning after the stress is ended
parasympathetic system
Endocrinologist ___was the founder of the field of research concerning
stress and its effects on the human body.
Hans Selye
He studied the sequence
of physiological reactions that the body goes through when adapting to a stressor. This
sequence (see Figure 11.1) is called the____ and consists
of three stages
general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
GAS has 3 stages:
Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion
__: When the body first reacts to a stressor, the sympathetic nervous system is
activated. The adrenal glands release hormones that increase heart rate, blood pressure,
and the supply of blood sugar, resulting in a burst of energy. Reactions such as
fever, nausea, and headache are common.
Alarm
_: As the stress continues, the body settles into sympathetic division activity,
continuing to release the stress hormones that help the body fight off, or resist, the
stressor.
Resistance
The early symptoms of alarm lessen and the person or animal may actually
feel better. This stage will continue until the stressor ends or the organism has used up
all of its resources
Resistance
Researchers have found that one of the hormones released under
stress, ____ (norepinephrine), actually seems to affect the brain’s processing
of pain, so that when under stress a person may experience a kind of ___ (insensitivity
to pain) if, for example, the person hits an arm or a shin
noradrenaline; analgesia
__: When the body’s resources are gone,
___ occurs. ___
can lead to the formation of stress-related diseases (e.g., high blood pressure or
a weakened immune system) or the death of the organism if outside help is unavailable
(Stein-Behrens et al., 1994).
Exhaustion
the___ (the system of cells, organs, and chemicals
in the body that responds to attacks on the body from diseases and injuries) is affected
by stress.
immune system
The field of
___
_ concerns the study of the effects of psychological
factors such as stress, emotions, thinking, learning, and behavior on the immune
system
psychoneuroimmunology
__ also play a part in helping the immune system fight the effects
of stress.
Hormones
Researchers have found that a hormone called
____, known to provide antistress benefits in animals, also
aids humans in stress toleration—perhaps by regulating the effects of stress on the hippocampus
(part of the limbic system).
dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
The positive effects of stress on the immune system only seem to work when the
stress is not a continual, chronic condition. As stress continues, the body’s resources
begin to fail in the exhaustion phase of the ___ to stress
general adaptation
Selye’s conceptualization of the body’s reaction
to stress was based on the idea of __, or maintaining a constant internal
environment.
homeostasis
This was an idea first put forth by the French scientist____in
1865, who believed maintaining a stable internal environment (milieu intérieur) was vital
to complex organisms
Claude Bernard
homeostasis, or
coordination of physiological processes for maintaining steady states in the body, was
first introduced by ___ in 1926
Walter Cannon
___ who coined the idea of “fight or flight” (Cannon, 1915) and later
developed an influential theory of emotion
Walter Cannon
Another way of looking at the body’s dynamic
responses to arousal and stress is the idea of ___, or “maintaining stability through
change” to meet both perceived and anticipated demands
allostasis
Through __, the body protects itself from both internal and external
stress. This is accomplished by activation of the sympathetic nervous system
Through allostasis, the body protects itself from both internal and external
stress. This is accomplished by activation of the sympathetic nervous system
prolonged exposure to elevated levels of these hormones and other stress
mediators over weeks, months, or years may result in ___
resulting in wear and tear on the brain and body and subsequent decreased function and
other pathological changes in the brain and body (McEwen, 1998, 2005).
allostatic load or allostatic overload,
___can lead to increased risk or vulnerability to stress-related brain, mental, and physical
health conditions, and affect our ability to effectively respond to stressful experiences
allostatic load or
overload
Stress has been shown to put people at a higher
risk of ___-, the buildup of a waxy substance called plaque in
the arteries of the heart.
coronary heart disease (CHD)
One chronic illness sometimes associated with excessive
weight gain is _
____, specifically
__
diabetes; Type 2 diabetes.
___is an autoimmune disorder
associated with failure of the pancreas to secrete enough insulin, necessitating medication,
and is usually diagnosed before the age of 40).
Type 1 diabetes
___ is associated with excessive
weight gain and occurs when pancreas insulin levels become less efficient as the body size increases
Type 2 diabetes
___
disease typically occurring in middle
adulthood when the body either becomes
resistant to the effects of insulin or can
no longer secrete enough insulin to maintain
normal glucose levels
Type 2 diabetes
__ is not one disease but rather a collection of diseases that can affect any
part of the body
Cancer
Unlike normal cells, which divide and reproduce according to genetic
instructions and stop dividing according to those same instructions, cancer cells divide
___
without stopping.
an immune-system cell called a___ has
as its main functions the suppression of viruses and the destruction of tumor cells
natural killer (NK) cell
