12.1-12.2 Flashcards
__ also looks at
behavior and mental processes but includes the social world in which we exist, as we are
surrounded by others to whom we are connected and by whom we are influenced in so
many ways.
social psychology
__
the scientific study of how a person’s
thoughts, feelings, and behavior influence
and are influenced by social groups; area
of psychology in which psychologists
focus on how human behavior is affected
by the presence of other people.
social psychology
the process through which the real or
implied presence of others can directly
or indirectly influence the thoughts, feelings,
and behavior of an individual.
social influence
: changing one’s own behavior to
more closely match the actions of others.
conformity:
In 1936, social psychologist
__ conducted a study in which participants
were shown into a darkened room and exposed to a single point of light.
Muzafer Sherif
(a person
chosen by the experimenter to deliberately manipulate the situation)
confederate
__ conducted the first of his classic studies on conformity by
having seven participants gather in a room.
Solomon Asch (1951)
They were told that they were participating
in an experiment on
visual judgment.
● The need to act in ways that we
feel will let us be liked and
accepted by others (Hewlin,
2009; Kaplan & Miller 1987).
NORMATIVE SOCIAL INFLUENCE
● We take our cues for how to
behave from other people when
we are in a situation that is not
clear or ambiguous
INFORMATIONAL SOCIAL
INFLUENCE
Kind of thinking that occurs
when people place more
importance on maintaining
group cohesiveness than on
assessing the facts of the
problem with which the group
is concerned.
GROUPTHINK
(1972, 1982), who
originally gave this phenomenon its name, lists several “symptoms” of groupthink
Irving Janis
■ Members feel they
cannot fail.
Invulnerability
■ Members explain
away warning
signs and help
each other
rationalize their
decisions.
Rationalization
■ Members do not
examine the
ethical implications
of their decisions
because they
believe that they
cannot make
immoral choices.
Lack of Introspection
Members stereotype their enemies as weak, stupid, or unreasonable
Stereotyping
Members pressure each other not to question the prevailing opinion.
Pressure
Members do not express opinions that differ from the group
consensus
Lack of disagreement
Members share in the illusion that they all agree with the decision.
Self-deception
Members prevent the group from hearing disruptive but potentially
useful information from people who are outside the group.
Insularity
● The tendency for members
involved in a group discussion to
take somewhat more extreme
positions and suggest riskier
actions when compared to
individuals who have not
participated in a group
discussion
GROUP POLARIZATION
● The tendency for the presence
of other people to have a
positive impact on the
performance of an easy task.
SOCIAL FACILITATION
● The tendency for the presence
of other people to have a
negative impact on the
performance of a difficult task
SOCIAL IMPAIRMENT
● The tendency for people to put
less effort into a simple task
when working with others on
that task
SOCIAL LOAFING
● The lessening of personal
identity, self-restraint, and the
sense of personal responsibility
that can occur within a group.
DEINDIVIDUATION
,
which is the posting of deliberately inflammatory comments in online communities
trolling
