3.1-3.3 Flashcards
Activation of receptors in the various sensory organs
sensation
Specialized forms of neurons
sensory receptors
6 sense organs
skin, eyes, ears, extrasensory perception, nose, taste buds
the smallest difference between two stimuli that is detectable 50 percent of the time.
Just noticeable difference (jnd or the difference threshold)
the smallest amount of energy needed for a person to continuously detect a stimulus 50 percent of the time it is present.
Absolute threshold
stimuli that are below the level of conscious awareness.
Subliminal Stimuli
Just strong enough to activate the sensory receptors but not strong enough for people to be consciously aware of them
Subliminal Stimuli
threshold
Limin
“below the threshold”
Sublimin
“above the threshold”
Supraliminal
process by which subliminal stimuli act upon the unconscious mind, influencing behavior.
Subliminal Perception
tendency of the brain to stop attending to constant, unchanging information.
Habituation
tendency of sensory receptor cells to become less responsive to a stimulus that is unchanging.
Sensory Adaptation
the constant movement of the eyes, tiny little vibrations called that people do not notice consciously; or events sensory adaptation to visual stimuli.
Microsaccades
people with autism to display special abilities
Savants
a black person that has autism
Stephen Wiltshire
determined by the amplitude of the wave– how high or how low the wave actually is. The higer the wave, the brighter the light will be. Low waves are dimmer.
Brightness
is determined by the length of the wave
Color - or hue
are found at the red end of the visible spectrum
Long wavelengths
are found at the blue end.
shorter wavelengths
refers to the purity of the color people see; mixing in black or grap would also lessen the saturation.
Saturation
bench light waves so the image can be focused on the retina. Clear membrane that covers the surface of the eye; protects the eye and is the structure that focuses most of the light coming into the eye.
Cornea
vision-improving technique that uses this fact by making small incisions in the cornea to change the focus in the eye.
Radial Keratotomy
next visual layer; clear, watery fluid that is continually replenished and supplies nourishment to the eye.
Aqueous Humor
hole through which light from the visual image enters the interior of the eye.
Pupil
round muscle (the colored part of the eye) in which the pupil is located; can change the size of the pupil, letting more or less light into the eye; helps focus the image.
iris
another clear structure behind the iris, suspended by muscles; finisshes the focusing process begun by the cornea.
Lens
final stop for light in the eye
Retina
Retina ontains 3 layers:
Ganglion cells
Biploar cells
Photoreceptors
visual sensory receptors found at the back of the retina, responsible for noncolor sensitivity to low levels of light.
Rods
visual sensory receptors found at the back of the retina, responsible for color vision and sharpness of vision.
Cones
area in the retina where the axons of the three layers of retinal cells exit the eye to form the optic nerve, insensitive to light.
Blind spot
the change in the thickness of the lens as the eye focuses on objects that are far away or close.
Visual Accommodation
jelly-like fluid called that also nourishes the eye and gives it shape.
Vitreous Humor
the recovery of the eye’s sensitivity to visual stimuli in darkness after exposure to bright lights.
Dark adaptation
the recovery of the eye’s sensitivity to visual stimuli in light after exposure to darkness.
Light Adaptation
theory of color vision that proposes three tyoes of cones: red, blue, and green.
Trichromatic Theory
images that occur when a visual sensation persists for a brief time even after the original stimulus is removed.
Afterimages
theory of color vision that proposes four primary colors with cones arranged in pairs: red and green, blue and yellow.
Opponent-process theory
either have no cones or have cones that are not working at all.
Monochrome colorblindness
either the red or the green cones are not working.
Red-green colorblindness
lack of functioning red cones.
Protanopia
lack of functioning green cones.
Deuteranopia
lack of functioning blue cones.
Tritanopia
another kind of colorblindness
Sex-linked inheritance
