5.1-5.2

Question 1

Any relatively permanent behavior change brought about by experience or practice.

Answer 1

Learning

Question 2

When people learn anything, some part of their brain is ____ to record what they have learned.

Answer 2

physically changed

Question 3

the ability to record/ remember what people have learned.

Answer 3

Memory

Question 4

Any kind of change in the way an organism behaves

Answer 4

learning

Question 5

when someone did something that caused them pain, they most likely won’t do it again to avoid painful consequences; when someone did something that pleasured them, they most likely will do it again.

Answer 5

Experience

Question 6

changes in height or size of the brain controlled by a genetic blueprint (due to biology, not experience).

Answer 6

Maturation

Question 7

a person who studies the workings of the body.

Answer 7

physiologist

Question 8

Russian physiologist

Answer 8

Ivan Pavlov

Question 9

Pioneer in the empirical study of the basic principles of a particular kind of learning.

Answer 9

Ivan Pavlov

Question 10

He discovered classical conditioning through his work on digestion in dogs.

Answer 10

Ivan Pavlov

Question 11

He discovered ___ through his work on digestion in dogs.

Answer 11

classical conditioning

Question 12

an unlearned, involuntary response that is not under personal control or choice—one of many that occur in both animals and humans.

Answer 12

Normal Reflex

Question 13

Any object, event, or experience that causes a response (reaction of an organism)

Answer 13

Stimulus

Question 14

learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex. One of the simplest forms of learning.

Answer 14

Classical Conditioning

Question 15

A naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response.

Answer 15

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

Question 16

Unconditioned or

Answer 16

“unlearned” or “naturally occurring.”

Question 17

An automatic and involuntary response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus. It is unlearned because of the genetic “wiring” in the nervous system.

Answer 17

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

Question 18

stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 18

Conditioning Stimulus (CS)

Question 19

Conditioned or

Answer 19

learned

Question 20

can become a conditional stimulus when paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 20

Neutral stimulus (NS)

Question 21

learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus. Sometimes called a conditioned reflex.

Answer 21

Conditioned Response (CR)

Question 22

a simple device that produces a rhythmic ticking sound

Answer 22

metronome

Question 23

repeated pairing of the NS and the UCS; the organism is in the process of acquiring learning.

Answer 23

Acquisition

Question 24

few basic principles have discovered:

Answer 24

CS must come before UCS.

CS and UCS must come very close together in time–ideally, only several seconds apart.

Neutral stimulus must be paired with the UCS several times, often many times, before conditioning can take place.

CS is usually some stimulus that is distinctive or stands out from other competing stimuli.

Question 25

the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response.

Answer 25

Stimulus Generalization

Question 26

the tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus. Occurs when an organism learns to respond to different stimuli in different ways.

Answer 26

Stimulus Discrimination

Question 27

disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus (in classical conditioning) or the removal of a reinforcer (in operant conditioning).

Answer 27

Extinction

Question 28

the reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred.

Answer 28

Spontaneous Recovery

Question 29

another concept in classical conditioning
this occurs when:
strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus.
neutral stimulus becomes a second conditioned stimulus.

Answer 29

Higher-Order Conditioning

Question 30

Pavlov believed that the conditioned stimulus, through its association close in time with the unconditioned stimulus, came to activate the same place in the animal’s brain that was originally activated by the unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 30

Stimulus Substitution

Question 31

CS has to provide some kind of information about the coming of the UCS in order to achieve conditioning. In other words, ____

Answer 31

the CS must predict that the UCS is coming

Question 32

modern perspective in psychology that focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, problem solving, and learning.

Answer 32

Cognitive Perspective

Question 33

he exposed one group of rats to a tone and, just after the tone’s onset and while the tone was still able to be heard, an electric shock was administered for some of the tone presentations. And with the second group of rats, he again sounded a tone but administered the electric shock only after the tone stopped, not while the tone was being heard.

Answer 33

Robert Rescorla’s study