1.1-1.8 Flashcards
It is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
Psychology
It is the outward or covert actions and reaction
Behavior
It is the internal or overt activity of our minds
Mental Processes
Psyche
mind
Logos
study
it is a branch of philosophy
psychology
It prevents possible biases from leading to faulty observations
Psychology is a Science
Psychology’s Four Goals
Description, Explanation, Prediction, Control
Description
What is happening?
Explanation
Why is it happening?
Prediction
Will it happen again?
Control
How can it be changed?
General explanation of a set of observations or facts
Theory
Focused on the structure or basic elements of the mind
Structuralism
When did structuralism die out?
1900s
He established the technique of objective introspection
Wilhelm Wundt
It is the process of objectively examining and measuring one’s thoughts and mental activities
Objective Introspection
Wilhelm Wundt’s Psychology Laboratory
Germany in 1879
He was Wundt’s student who brought structuralism to America
Edward Titchner
She is the first woman who received a PHD in Psychology and was a student of Titchner
Margaret Washburn
How the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play
Functionalism
He proposed Functionalism
William James
Functionalism influenced 3 modern fields in psychology:
Educational, evolutionary, and industrial/organizational psychology
gestalt “ “ psychology
“good figure”
Gestalt psychology started with ___ who studied sensation and perception
Max Wertheimer
Gestalt ideas are now part of the study of ____
Cognitive Psychology
A field focusing not only on perception but also on learning, memory, thought processes, and problem-solving
Cognitive Psychology
The whole is greater than the sum of its parts
Gestalt Psychology
The theory and therapy based on the work of Sigmund Freud
Psychoanalysis
He proposed that there is an unconscious (unaware) mind into which we push, or repress, all of our threatening urges and desires.
Sigmund Freud
Freud stressed the importance of ____
early childhood experiences
He is famous for his theories about birth order
Alfred Alder
He proposed behaviorism
John B. Watson
It is the science of behavior that focused on observable behavior only (stimulus response_
Behaviorism
In behaviorism things must be directly
seen and measured
Behaviorsim is based much on the work of
Ivan Pavlov
It is the principle of learning
Classical Conditioning (Conditioned Stimulus)
It is an unconditioned response
Unconditioned Stimulus
She as an early pioneer in behavior theraphy
Mary Cover Jones
More focused on the development of a sense of self and the
discovery of other motivations behind a person’s behavior
than sexual motivations.
Psychodynamic perspective
studied operant conditioning of voluntary
behavior.
BF Skinner
Behaviorism became a major force in the twentieth
century.
Behavioral Perspective
Owes far more to the early roots of psychology in the field of philosophy.
Humanistic Perspective
held the view that people have free will, and the freedom to choose their own destiny.
Humanist
Early founders of Humanistic Perspective
Abraham Maslow
Carl Rogers
achieving one’s full potential or actual self.
Self-actualization
Focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, problem-solving, and learning.
Cognitive Perspective
Focuses on the relationship between social behavior and culture.
Sociocultural Perspective
Attributes human and animal behavior to biological events occurring in the body, such as genetic influences, hormones, and the activity of the nervous system.
Biopsychological Perspective
Focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share.
Evolutionary Perspective
A medical doctor who has specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders.
Psychiatrist
Either a psychiatrist or a psychologist who has special training in the theories of Sigmund Freud and his method of psychoanalysis.
Psychoanalyst
A social worker with some training in therapy methods who focuses on the environmental conditions that can have an impact on mental disorders, such as poverty, overcrowding, stress, and drug abuse.
Psychiatric Social Worker
A professional with an academic degree and specialized training in one or more areas of psychology.
Psychologist
System of gathering data so that bias and error in measurement are reduced.
Scientific Method
Steps in the Scientific Method:
Perceive the question.
Form a hypothesis - a tentative explanation of a phenomenon based on observations.
Test the hypothesis.
Draw conclusions.
Report your results so that others can try to replicate - repeat the study or experiment to see if the same results will be obtained in an effort to demonstrate the reliability of results.
Watching animals or humans behave in their normal environment.
Naturalistic observation
the tendency of people or animals to behave differently from normal when they know they are being observed.
Observer effect
a naturalistic observation in which the observer becomes a participant in the group being observed (to reduce observer effect).
Participant Observation
- the tendency of observers to see what they expect to see.
Observer bias
people who do not know what the research question is (to reduce observer bias).
Blind observers
Watching animals or humans behave in a laboratory setting.
Laboratory observation
Study of one individual in great detail.
Case Study
Famous Case Study
Phineas Gage
Researchers will ask a series of questions about the topic under study.
Surveys
a randomly selected sample of subjects from a larger population of subjects
sample
the entire group of people or animals in which the researcher is interested.
Population
