13.13-13.17

Question 1

field of study
devoted to discovering the genetic bases for
personality characteristics

Answer 1

BEHAVIORAL GENETICS –

Question 2

by comparing
identical twins to fraternal twins,
especially when twins can be found who
were not raised in the same environment,
researchers can begin to find evidence of possible genetic influences on various
traits, including personality

Answer 2

TWIN STUDIES

Question 3

The __revealed that
identical twins are more similar than
fraternal twins or unrelated people.

Answer 3

Minnesota twin studies

Question 4

While the__ has a significant
impact, even if shared, genetics account
for most of the similarity among siblings.

Answer 4

environment

Question 5

the genetics of
a child’s parents, even those not
inherited, can impact the family
and child’s environment.

Answer 5

Genetic Nurture –

Question 6

– studying
unrelated people who are raised in the
same environment should help
investigators discover the influence of the
environment.

Answer 6

ADOPTION STUDIES

Question 7

Adoption studies have shown as well that

__account for a great deal
of personality development, regardless of
shared or non-shared environments.

Answer 7

genetic influences

Question 8

– Dr. Franz Joseph
Gall’s theory of personality traits, based on
the shape of a person’s skull.

Answer 8

PHRENOLOGY

Question 9

States that certain areas of the brain were
responsible for certain aspects of
personality and that the skull itself would bulge out according to which of these
traits were dominant

Answer 9

PHRENOLOGY

Question 10

rests on the idea that aspects of our
personality must be related to consistent
patterns of functioning in the brain.
– Uses both structural and functional
neuroimaging methods to explore the
biological bases of personality.

Answer 10

PERSONALITY NEUROSCIENCE –

Question 11

looks at personality through traits
that are related to variations in
brain structure and also through
characteristic adaptations, or how
someone’s life circumstances
influence their individual goals, strategies, and personal
interpretations.

Answer 11

Cybernetic Big Five Theory –

Question 12

– how much some
trait within a population can be
attributed to genetic influences.

Answer 12

Heritability

Question 13

– a way of choosing
the parts of different theories that
seem to best fit a particular
situation.

Answer 13

Eclectic view

Question 14

the
preferred method for behaviorists is to
watch behaviors unfold in the real world.

Answer 14

BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENTS –

Question 15

assessment
in which the professional observes the client engaged in ordinary,
day-to-day behavior in either a
clinical or natural setting.

Answer 15

Direct Observation –

Question 16

– assessment in
which a numerical value is
assigned to specific behavior that is
listed in the scale

Answer 16

Rating Scale

Question 17

the assessor
literally counts the frequency of
certain behaviors within a specified
time limit.

Answer 17

Frequency Count –

Question 18

– method of personality
assessment in which the professional asks
questions of the client and allows the
client to answer, either in a structured or
unstructured fashion.

Answer 18

INTERVIEWS

Question 19

– a
questionnaire that has a standard list of
questions and only requires certain
specific answers.

Answer 19

PERSONALITY INVENTORIES

Question 20

– The most common personality
inventory which specifically tests
for abnormal behavior and thinking
patterns in personality and
psychopathology.

Answer 20

MMPI-2-RF – or the Minnesota
multiphasic personality inventory,
version II, restructured form.

Question 21

are built into any
well-designed psychological inventory,
intended to indicate whether a person taking the inventory is responding
honestly.

Answer 21

Validity Scales

Question 22

Based on the five-factor model of
personality traits and is still being
published.

Answer 22

NEO-PI-R – or the revised
neuroticism/extraversion/openness
personality inventory.

Question 23

– Based on the ideas of Carl Jung
and looks at four personality
dimensions:

Answer 23

MBTI – or the Myers-Briggs Type
Indicator.

Question 24

four personality
dimensions:

Answer 24

● Introversion/Extroversion
(I/E)
● Sensing/Intuition (S/I)
● Thinking/Feeling (T/F)
● Perceiving/Judging (P/J)

Question 25

The same problems that exist with
self-report data also exist in interviews.
The clients can lie or have __
and the interviewers themselves may be
biased.

Answer 25

courtesy bias

Question 26

It can also include __

Answer 26

observer bias, and
observer effect.

Question 27

– tendency of an
interviewer to allow positive
characteristics of a client to influence the
assessments of the client’s behavior and
statements.

Answer 27

HALO EFFECT

Question 28

The advantage of personality inventories
over interviews and projective tests is that
inventories are.

Answer 28

standardized

Question 29

– these are personality
assessments that present ambiguous visual stimuli
to the client and ask the client to respond with
whatever comes to mind.

Answer 29

PROJECTIVE TESTS

Question 30

projective test
developed by Hermann Rorschach that
uses 10 inkblots as the ambiguous stimuli.

Answer 30

Rorschach Inkblot Test –

Question 31

projective test by Morgan Murray that
uses 20 pictures of people in ambiguous
situations as the visual stimuli.

Answer 31

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) –

Question 32

Projective tests are by their nature very.

Answer 32

subjective

Question 33

– concepts and
impressions that are only valid
within a particular person’s
perception and may be influenced
by biases, prejudice, and personal
experiences

Answer 33

Subjective

Question 34

Problems lie in the areas of

Answer 34

reliability and
validity

Question 35

– tendency of a test to
give the same score everytime it is
administered to the same client.

Answer 35

Reliability

Question 36

– the ability of the test to
measure what it is intended to
measure.

Answer 36

Validity