13.13-13.17 Flashcards
field of study
devoted to discovering the genetic bases for
personality characteristics
BEHAVIORAL GENETICS –
by comparing
identical twins to fraternal twins,
especially when twins can be found who
were not raised in the same environment,
researchers can begin to find evidence of possible genetic influences on various
traits, including personality
TWIN STUDIES
The __revealed that
identical twins are more similar than
fraternal twins or unrelated people.
Minnesota twin studies
While the__ has a significant
impact, even if shared, genetics account
for most of the similarity among siblings.
environment
the genetics of
a child’s parents, even those not
inherited, can impact the family
and child’s environment.
Genetic Nurture –
– studying
unrelated people who are raised in the
same environment should help
investigators discover the influence of the
environment.
ADOPTION STUDIES
Adoption studies have shown as well that
__account for a great deal
of personality development, regardless of
shared or non-shared environments.
genetic influences
– Dr. Franz Joseph
Gall’s theory of personality traits, based on
the shape of a person’s skull.
PHRENOLOGY
States that certain areas of the brain were
responsible for certain aspects of
personality and that the skull itself would bulge out according to which of these
traits were dominant
PHRENOLOGY
rests on the idea that aspects of our
personality must be related to consistent
patterns of functioning in the brain.
– Uses both structural and functional
neuroimaging methods to explore the
biological bases of personality.
PERSONALITY NEUROSCIENCE –
looks at personality through traits
that are related to variations in
brain structure and also through
characteristic adaptations, or how
someone’s life circumstances
influence their individual goals, strategies, and personal
interpretations.
Cybernetic Big Five Theory –
– how much some
trait within a population can be
attributed to genetic influences.
Heritability
– a way of choosing
the parts of different theories that
seem to best fit a particular
situation.
Eclectic view
the
preferred method for behaviorists is to
watch behaviors unfold in the real world.
BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENTS –
assessment
in which the professional observes the client engaged in ordinary,
day-to-day behavior in either a
clinical or natural setting.
Direct Observation –
– assessment in
which a numerical value is
assigned to specific behavior that is
listed in the scale
Rating Scale
the assessor
literally counts the frequency of
certain behaviors within a specified
time limit.
Frequency Count –
– method of personality
assessment in which the professional asks
questions of the client and allows the
client to answer, either in a structured or
unstructured fashion.
INTERVIEWS
– a
questionnaire that has a standard list of
questions and only requires certain
specific answers.
PERSONALITY INVENTORIES
– The most common personality
inventory which specifically tests
for abnormal behavior and thinking
patterns in personality and
psychopathology.
MMPI-2-RF – or the Minnesota
multiphasic personality inventory,
version II, restructured form.
are built into any
well-designed psychological inventory,
intended to indicate whether a person taking the inventory is responding
honestly.
Validity Scales
Based on the five-factor model of
personality traits and is still being
published.
NEO-PI-R – or the revised
neuroticism/extraversion/openness
personality inventory.
– Based on the ideas of Carl Jung
and looks at four personality
dimensions:
MBTI – or the Myers-Briggs Type
Indicator.
four personality
dimensions:
● Introversion/Extroversion
(I/E)
● Sensing/Intuition (S/I)
● Thinking/Feeling (T/F)
● Perceiving/Judging (P/J)
The same problems that exist with
self-report data also exist in interviews.
The clients can lie or have __
and the interviewers themselves may be
biased.
courtesy bias
It can also include __
observer bias, and
observer effect.
– tendency of an
interviewer to allow positive
characteristics of a client to influence the
assessments of the client’s behavior and
statements.
HALO EFFECT
The advantage of personality inventories
over interviews and projective tests is that
inventories are.
standardized
– these are personality
assessments that present ambiguous visual stimuli
to the client and ask the client to respond with
whatever comes to mind.
PROJECTIVE TESTS
projective test
developed by Hermann Rorschach that
uses 10 inkblots as the ambiguous stimuli.
Rorschach Inkblot Test –
projective test by Morgan Murray that
uses 20 pictures of people in ambiguous
situations as the visual stimuli.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) –
Projective tests are by their nature very.
subjective
– concepts and
impressions that are only valid
within a particular person’s
perception and may be influenced
by biases, prejudice, and personal
experiences
Subjective
Problems lie in the areas of
reliability and
validity
– tendency of a test to
give the same score everytime it is
administered to the same client.
Reliability
– the ability of the test to
measure what it is intended to
measure.
Validity
