13.8-13.12 Flashcards
– the “third
force” in psychology that focuses on those aspects
of personality that make people uniquely human,
such as subjective feelings and freedom of choice.
HUMANISM PERSPECTIVE
Both __
(1961) believed human
beings are always striving to fulfill their innate capacities
and capabilities and to become everything their
genetic potential will allow them to become.
Maslow and Rogers
This
striving for fulfillment is called the
__
self- actualizing
tendency.
An important tool in human selfactualization
is the development of an image of oneself,
or the __.
self-concept
The ___is based on
what people are told by others and how the sense of
self is reflected in the words and actions of important
people in one’s life such as parents, siblings, coworkers,
friends, and teachers.
self-concept
– one’s actual conception
of characteristics, traits, and
abilities that form the basis of the
striving for self-actualization.
Real Self
the perception of what
one should be or would like to be.
Ideal Self –
believes that when the real self and
the ideal self are very close or similar to
each other, people feel competent and
capable
Roger
When there is a mismatch, __ can be a result.
anxiety and
neurotic behavior
– the warmth,
affection, love, and respect that come from
significant others in people’s experiences.
POSITIVE REGARD
positive regard that is given
without conditions or strings
attached.
Unconditional Positive Regard –
positive regard that is given only
when the person is doing what the
providers of positive regard wish.
Conditional Positive Regard –
For Rogers, a person who is in the process
of self-actualizing, actively exploring
potentials and abilities and experiencing a
match between the real self and ideal self,
is a
fully functioning person
people who are in touch with their
own feelings and abilities and are
able to trust their innermost urges
and intuitions.
Fully Functioning Person –
In Roger’s view, only a fully functioning
person is capable of reaching the goal of
self-actualization.
– theories that endeavor to
describe the characteristics that make up human
personality in an effort to predict future behavior.
TRAIT THEORIES
– a consistent, enduring way of
thinking, feeling, or behaving.
Trait
One of the earliest attempts to list and
describe the traits that make up personality
can be found in the work of
Gordon
Allport.
Scanned the dictionary for words
that could be traits, finding about
18,000.
reduced to 200
Allport believed these traits were
wired into the __ to
guide behavior across many
different situations
nervous system
defined two types of
traits as surface traits and source traits.
Raymond Cattell
aspects of
personality that can easily be seen
by other people in the outward
actions of a person.
Surface Traits –
the more basic
traits that underlie the surface
traits, forming the core of
personality.
Source Traits – t
– dimension
of personality in which
people tend to withdraw
from excessive stimulation.
Introversion
Using a statistical technique that looks for
groupings and commonalities in numerical
data called ___Cattell
identified 16 source traits.
factor analysis,
Although he later determined that there
might be another 7 source traits to make a
total of __
23
Raymond Cattell developed his
assessment questionnaire, The __
Sixteen
Personality Factor (16PF) Questionnaire.
These 16 source traits are seen as
__in which there are two opposite traits at each end
of the spectrum.
trait dimensions
– model
of personality traits that describes five basic trait
dimensions.
FIVE-FACTOR MODEL (BIG FIVE)
– can be best described as a
person’s willingness to try new things and
be open to new experiences
OPENNESS
– refers to a
person’s degree of organization and
motivation.
CONSCIENTIOUSNESS
– a term first used by
Carl Jung (1933), who believed that all
people could be divided into two
personality types: extraverts and
introverts.
EXTRAVERSION
– are more outgoing
and sociable
Extraverts
– are more solitary and
dislike being the center of
attention
Introverts
– the basic
emotional style of a person, who may be
easygoing, friendly, and pleasant or
grumpy, crabby, and hard to get along
with.
AGREEABLENESS
– refers to emotional
instability or stability
NEUROTICISM
the
assumption that the particular
circumstances of any given
situation will influence the way in
which a trait is expressed.
Trait-Situation Interaction –
The five-factor model provides a
__ to classifying
personality structure (as opposed to a
categorical approach), which is consistent
with possible alternative approaches to
diagnosing personality disorders.
dimensional approach
