11.6-11.9 Flashcards
___
area of psychology focusing on how physical
activities, psychological traits, stress
reactions, and social relationships affect
overall health and rate of illnesses.
health psychology
___ is a subfield of health psychology focused on using the
knowledge gained by researchers in the field to help promote healthy lifestyles, help people
maintain their health, and also prevent or treat illnesses
Clinical health psychology
Health psychology also
has connections to ___, a field combining both medicine and psychology as
well as numerous other scientific fields related to health issues (
behavioral psychology
___ such as how an individual
interprets a stressful event, can also affect the impact of stress.
Cognitive factors,
Cognitive psychologist ____developed a cognitive view of stress
called the ______y of emotions, in which the way people think about
and appraise a stressor is a major factor in how stressful that particular stressor becomes
Richard Lazarus; cognitive–mediational theor
The first step in appraising a stressor is
called ___, which involves estimating
the severity of the stressor and classifying
it as a threat (something that could be harmful
in the future), a challenge (something to be met
and defeated), or a harm or loss that has already
occurred.
primary appraisal
In
___, people who have
identified a threat or harmful effect must estimate
the resources that they have available for
coping with the stressor.
secondary appraisal
relationship between task
performance and arousal has been explained by the
___
Yerkes-Dodson law
___
law stating that when tasks are simple,
a higher level of arousal leads to better
performance; when tasks are difficult,
lower levels of arousal lead to better
performance.
Yerkes-Dodson law
__
_Those positive and negative traits just discussed are some of the
factors associated with personality types that have been related to how people deal with
stress and that may influence CHD.
PERSONALITY TYPES
_____examined the impact of
specific personality traits on coronary heart
disease in 1974.
Meyer Freidman and
Ray Rosenman
___ people are workaholics—they are very competitive, ambitious, hate to waste
time, and are easily annoyed. They feel a constant sense of pressure and have a strong tendency
to try to do several things at once. Often successful but frequently unsatisfied, they
always seem to want to go faster and do more, and they get easily upset over small things.
Type A
___ people are not that competitive or driven, tend to be easygoing
and slow to anger, and seem relaxed and at peace
Type B
A third personality type was identified by researchers
_
___
(1992) as being associated with a higher incidence of cancer.
Temoshok and Dreher
___people tend to be
very pleasant and try to keep the peace but find it difficult to express emotions, especially
negative ones. They tend to internalize their anger and often experience a sense of despair
over the loss of a loved one or a loss of hope. They are often lonely.
Type C
____ Another set of personality characteristics has become a topic of interest
to researchers and seems to characterize individuals who are prone to experience
psychological distress. ____or “distressed” individuals are prone to chronic stress,
tend to experience negative emotions such as anxiety and depression across multiple
situations, and experience social inhibition due to fear of rejection or disapproval
Type D,
Not all Type A people are prone to heart disease. Some people
actually seem to thrive on stress instead of letting stress wear them down. These people
have what is called the ____
hardy personality, type h
hardy personality, a term first coined by psychologist ___
Suzanne
Kobasa (1979).
Hardy people (call them “Type H”) differ from ordinary, hostile Type A
people and others who suffer more ill effects due to stress in three ways:
commitment, control, challenges
___ - habitually anticipate
positive outcomes
Optimists
● - expect the worst
Pessimists
Lack of sufficient
money to provide the basic necessities of life can lead to many stressors
for both adults and children:
poverty
Even if a person has a job and is making an adequate salary,
there are stresses associated with the workplace that add to daily stressors.
JOB STRESS
___ can be defined as negative changes in thoughts, emotions, and behavior as a
result of prolonged stress or frustration, resulting in both mental and physical exhaustion
Burnout
__ means the process
of adapting to a new or different culture, often the dominant culture
Acculturation
The stress resulting from the need to change and adapt to the
dominant or majority culture is called ___
acculturative stress
__, in which the individual tries to maintain a sense of the original cultural identity while also trying to form a positive
relationship with members of the majority culture
integration
In
_
__, the minority person gives up the old cultural identity and completely
adopts the majority culture’s ways.
assimilation
__ is a pattern in which the minority person rejects the majority culture’s
ways and tries to maintain the original cultural identity. Members of the minority culture
refuse to learn the language of the dominant culture, and they live where others from
their culture live, socializing only with others from their original culture
Separation
The greatest acculturative stress will most likely be experienced by people who are
___, neither maintaining contact with their original culture nor joining the majority
culture.
marginalized
