13.1-13.3 Flashcards
– the sum total of who a person
is—their attitudes and reactions, both physical and
emotional.
PERSONALITY
The unique way in which each individual
thinks, acts, and feels throughout life.
PERSONALITY
– the value judgment
made about a person’s moral or
ethical behavior.
Character
– the biologically
innate and enduring characteristics
with which each person is born.
Temperament
is an area of psychology in
which there are several ways to explain the
characteristic behavior of human beings
Personality
Every adult personality is a combination
of temperaments and __ of
family, culture, and the time during which
they grew up.
personal history
The ___ had its beginnings in the work of Sigmund Freud and
still exists today. It focuses on the role of the unconscious mind in the development
of personality. This perspective is also heavily focused on biological causes of personality
differences
psychodynamic perspective
This approach focuses on the effect of the environment on behavior and, as
addressed here, includes aspects of social cognitive theory in that, interactions with
others and personal thought processes also influence learning and personality
behavioral perspective
The ___first arose as a reaction against the psychoanalytic and
behaviorist perspectives and focuses on the role of each person’s conscious life experiences
and choices in personality development.
humanistic perspective
The ___ differs from the other three in its basic goals: The psychodynamic,
behaviorist, and humanistic perspectives all seek to explain the process that
causes personality to form into its unique characteristics, whereas trait theorists
are more concerned with the end result—the characteristics themselves.
trait perspective
Freud believed that the mind was divided
into three parts: the __
preconscious,
conscious, and unconscious.
– level of the mind in
which one’s current awareness
exists.
Conscious
– level of the
mind containing memories, events,
and information of which one can
become easily aware.
Preconscious Mind
– level of the
mind that remains hidden at all
times, surfacing only in symbolic
forms in dreams
Unconscious Mind
Freud believed that the
__
was the most important determinant of
human behavior and personality
unconscious mind
ID – a Latin word that means
__
“it.”
An unconscious, pleasure-seeking,
amoral part of the personality that
exists at birth, containing all of the
basic biological drives
ID
– the need to seek
out pleasurable sensations.
Pleasure Drive
– the desire for
immediate gratification of needs
with no regard for the
consequences.
–
Pleasure Principle
If it feels good, do it.
ID
EGO – a Latin word that means
“I.”
Part of the personality that
develops out of a need to deal with
reality.
EGO
Mostly conscious and is far more
rational, logical, and cunning than
the id.
EGO
– the satisfaction
of the demands of the id only when
negative consequences will not
result.
Reality Principle
If it feels good, do it, but only if
you can get away with it.
EGO
SUPEREGO – a Latin word that means
“over the self.”
Part of the personality that acts as a
moral center.
SUPEREGO
The superego contains the
__, which is the part of the
personality that makes people feel
guilt or moral anxiety.
conscience
– unconscious
distortions of a person’s perception
of reality that reduce stress and
anxiety.
PSYCHOLOGICAL DEFENSE
MECHANISMS
These defense mechanisms were
mainly outlined and studied by Freud’s daughter,
Anna Freud
: refusal to recognize or acknowledge a threatening situation
Denial
: “pushing” threatening or conflicting events or situations out
of conscious memory
repression
: making up acceptable excuses for unacceptable
behavior.
rationalization
: placing one’s own unacceptable thoughts onto others, as if
the thoughts belonged to them and not to oneself
Projection
forming an emotional reaction or attitude that is the
opposite of one’s threatening or unacceptable actual thoughts.
reaction formation:
: expressing feelings that would be threatening if directed
at the real target onto a less threatening substitute target.
Displacement
: falling back on childlike patterns as a way of coping with
stressful situations.
regression
: trying to become like someone else to deal with one’s
anxiety.
Identification
trying to make up for areas in which a
deficit is perceived by becoming superior in some other area.
Compensation (substitution):
– the five stages of
personality development proposed by Freud and
tied to the sexual development of the child.
PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGE
At each stage, a different
____
or area of the body that produces
pleasurable feelings, becomes important
and can become a source of conflicts.
erogenous zone,
Conflicts that are not fully resolved can
result in
__
fixation
__ – disorder in which the
person does not fully resolve the
conflict in a particular
psychosexual stage, resulting in
personality traits and behavior
associated with that earlier stage.
Fixation
ORAL STAGE (First 18 Months) – the
erogenous zone is the.
mouth
that occurs too soon or too late
can result in too little or too much
satisfaction of the child’s oral needs.
Weaning
Conflict in this stage can result in
overeating, drinking too much, talking too
much, nail biting, and a tendency to be
either too optimistic or too pessimistic
ORAL STAGE (First 18 Months)
ANAL STAGE (18 to 36 Months) – as
the child becomes a toddler, Freud
believed that the erogenous zone moves
from the mouth to the __
anus
_becomes the source of
conflict in this psychosexual stage.
Toilet training
Fixation in the anal stage, from toilet
training that is too harsh, can take one of
two forms:
Anal Expulsive Personality
Anal Retentive Personality
someone who sees messiness as a
statement of personal control.
Anal Expulsive Personality –
someone stingy, stubborn, and
excessively neat
Anal Retentive Personality –
PHALLIC STAGE (3 to 6 Years) – the
erogenous zone shifts to the __ where
the child first begins to discover sexual
feelings.
genitals
Most children have already engaged in
perfectly normal self-stimulation of the
genitals, or
__.
masturbation
This awakening of __ and
interest in the genitals.
sexual curiosity
Phallic comes from the Greek word
__
Phallos, which means “penis.”
men’s fear
of losing the penis_
Castration Anxiety
girl experience
anxiety at not having a penis.
Penis Envy
__– men feel the need
to compensate for their lack of
child-bearing ability.
Womb Envy
People who are fixated in this stage will
often exhibit promiscuous sexual behavior
and be very vain.
PHALLIC STAGE (3 to 6 Years)
Men with this fixation may be “mama’s
boys” who never quite grow up, and
women with this fixation may look for
much older father figures to marry.
PHALLIC STAGE (3 to 6 Years)
– situation
wherein a male child develops a sexual
attraction to the opposite-sex parent and
jealousy of the same-sex parent.
OEDIPUS COMPLEX
Female children develop an
Electra Complex.
From age 6 to the onset of puberty, children will
remain in this stage of hidden, or latent, sexual feelings, so this stage is called
latency
– occurs during the school years, in which
the sexual feelings of the child are
repressed while the child develops in other
ways.
LATENCY STAGE (6 Years to Puberty)
Age at which girls and boys think the
opposite sex is pretty awful.
LATENCY STAGE (6 Years to Puberty)
children grow and develop intellectually, physically, and socially but not
sexually.
LATENCY STAGE (6 Years to Puberty)
stage
where sexual urges are allowed back into
consciousness and the individual moves
toward adult social and sexual behavior.
GENITAL STAGE (Puberty On) –
