7.1-7.3

Question 1

or cognition refers to the mental activity that goes on in the brain when a person is organizing and attempting to understand information and communicating information to others.

Answer 1

Thinking

Question 2

There are two types of thinking, referred to as

Answer 2

system 1 and system 2

Question 3

Involves making quick decisions and using cognitive shortcuts
Guided by our innate abilities and personal experiences.

Answer 3

SYSTEM 1

Question 4

Relatively slow, analytical, and rule-based
Dependent more on our formal educational experiences.

Answer 4

SYSTEM 2

Question 5

refer to the mental representations that stand for objects or events and have a picture-like quality.

Answer 5

Mental images

Question 6

is weaker than normal perception. It provides a weaker perceptual experience than sensory reception.

Answer 6

Mental imagery

Question 7

Information goes from
the eyes to the visual
cortex of the occipital
lobe and is processed
by other areas of the
cortex that compare
the new information to
information already in
memory.

Answer 7

Actual Image

Question 8

Areas of the cortex
associated with stored
knowledge send
information to the
visual cortex, where
the image is perceived
in the “mind’s eye.”

Answer 8

Mental Image

Question 9

Takes shorter time to
interpret since it is a
bottom-up process.

Answer 9

actual image

Question 10

Takes longer to
generate since it is a
top-down process.

Answer 10

mental image

Question 11

refers to the process that researchers used to be able to see the overlap that occurs in brain areas activated during visual mental imagery tasks as compared to actual tasks involving visual perception.

Answer 11

Functional Neuroimaging

Question 12

During both types of tasks, activity is present in the following:

Answer 12

Frontal cortex (cognitive control)
Temporal lobes (memory)
Parietal lobes (attention and spatial memory)
Occipital lobe (visual processing)

Question 13

We can store information in multiple ways, including both

Answer 13

a depictive pictorial format and in a propositional descriptive format.

Question 14

refer to the ideas that represent a class or category of objects, events, or activities.

Answer 14

Concepts

Question 15

Refer to concepts that are defined by specific rules or features that are quite rigid.

Answer 15

FORMAL CONCEPTS

Question 16

Refer to concepts that people form not as a result of a strict set of rules but rather as the result of experiences with these concepts in the real world.

Answer 16

NATURAL CONCEPTS

Question 17

refer to an example of a concept that closely matches the defining characteristics of the concept.

Answer 17

Prototypes

Question 18

are one of the ways people organize the information that bombards their senses everyday.

Answer 18

Concepts

Question 19

Organizations may take the form of

Answer 19

schemas or scripts.

Question 20

refer to the mental generalizations about objects, places, events, and people.

Answer 20

Schemas

Question 21

refers to the kind of schema that involves a familiar sequence of activities.

Answer 21

Scripts

Question 22

refers to the process of cognition that occurs when a goal must be reached by thinking and behaving in certain ways.

Answer 22

Problem-solving

Question 23

refers to the process of cognition that involves identifying, evaluating, and choosing among several alternatives.

Answer 23

Decision-making -

Question 24

Refers to the method in which one possible solution after another is tried until a successful one is found.

Answer 24

Trial and Error (Mechanical Solution)

Question 25

Mechanical solutions can also involve solving by

Answer 25

ROTE

Question 26

(a learned set of rules).

Answer 26

rote

Question 27

Refer to the very specific, step-by-step procedures for solving certain types of problems.

Answer 27

Algorithims

Question 28

Will always result in a correct solution if there is a correct solution to be found and you have enough time to find it.

Answer 28

Algorithims

Question 29

Also known as the “rule of thumb” as these are simple rules intended to apply to many situations

Answer 29

Heuristics

Question 30

Refer to an educated guess based on prior experiences that helps narrow down the possible solutions for a problem.

Answer 30

Heuristics

Question 31

Unlike algorithms, ____ will not always lead to the correct solution.

Answer 31

heuristics

Question 32

Refers to the assumption that any object (or person) sharing characteristics with the members of a particular category is also a member of that category.Can be used or misused to create and sustain stereotypes.

Answer 32

Representativeness Heuristic

Question 33

Refers to the process of estimating the frequency or likelihood of an event based on how easy it is to recall relevant information from memory or how easy it is for us to think of related examples. - Impacts our judgment based on how easy it is to bring an example to mind, not the accuracy of what we recall.

Answer 33

Availability Heuristic

Question 34

A more useful heuristic that does work much of the time done by working backward from the goal.

Answer 34

Working Backward

Question 35

Sometimes it’s better to break a goal down into subgoals so that as each one is achieved, the final solution is much closer

Answer 35

Subgoals

Question 36

refers to when the solution to a problem seems to come suddenly to mind, seemingly just “popped” into your head
“Aha!” moment

Answer 36

Insight

Question 37

refers to a block to problem solving that comes from thinking about objects in terms of only their typical functions.

Answer 37

Functional fixedness

Question 38

refer to the tendency for people to persist in using problem-solving patterns that have worked for them in the past. People then are often hesitant or even unable to think of other possibilities.

Answer 38

Mental sets

Question 39

refers to the tendency to search for evidence that fits one’s beliefs while ignoring any evidence that does not fit those beliefs.

Answer 39

Confirmation bias