8.8 Flashcards

1
Q

One of the first ways in which infants demonstrate that they have different personalities is in their

A

temperament

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2
Q
  • characteristics that are fairly well established at birth, the enduring behavioral characteristics such as “easy,” “difficult,” and “slow to warm up.”
A

Temperament

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3
Q

have identified three (3) basic temperament styles of infants:

A

Chess & Thomas; easy, difficult, slow to warm up

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4
Q

regular in their schedules of waking, sleeping, and eating and are adaptable to change. __ babies are happy babies and when distressed are easily soothed.

A

Easy

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5
Q

tend to be irregular in their schedules and are very unhappy about change of any kind. They are loud, active, and tend to be crabby rather than happy.
almost opposite of easy ones

A

Difficult

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6
Q

associated with infants who are less grumpy, quieter, and more regular than difficult children but who are slow to adapt to change

A

Slow to warm up

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7
Q

an emotional bond that forms between an infant and a primary caregiver
a significant development in the social and emotional life of the infant, usually forming within the first 6 months of the infant’s life and showing up in some ways during the second 6 months e.g.

A

Attachment

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8
Q
  • Wariness of strangers
A

Stranger Anxiety

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9
Q
  • Fear of being separated from the caregiver - the mother is usually the primary attachment, but infants can attach to fathers and other caregivers as well.
A

Separation Anxiety

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10
Q

devised a special experimental design to measure the attachment of an infant to the caregiver

A

Mary Ainsworth

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11
Q

exposing an infant to a series of leave-takings and returns of the mother and a stranger

A

“Strange Situation”

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12
Q

Ainsworth and her colleague identified four (4) attachment styles:

A

Secure, Avoidant, Ambivalent, Disorganized-Disorganized

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13
Q

willing to get down from their mother’s lap soon after entering the room with their mothers
explored happily, looking back at their mothers and returning to them every now and then
when the stranger came in, these infants were wary but calm as long as their mother was nearby
mother leaves, infants upset
mother returns, infants happy

A

Secure

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14
Q

somewhat willing to explore, did not go back-and-forth to their mothers
did not look at the stranger or the mother and reacted very little to her absence or her return, seeming to have no interest or concern

A

Avoidant

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15
Q

clinging and unwilling to explore
very upset by the stranger regardless of the mother’s presence, protested mightily when the mother left, and were hard to soothe
when the mother returned, the babies would demand to be picked up but at the same time push the mother away or kick her in a mixed reaction to her return

A

Ambivalent

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16
Q

unable to decide just how they should react to the mother’s return
infants would approach her but with their eyes turned away from her, as if afraid to make eye contact
infants seemed fearful and showed a dazed and depressed look on their faces

A

Disorganized–disoriented

17
Q

were loving, warm, sensitive to their infant’s needs, and responsive to the infant’s attempts at communication

A

Mothers of secure infants

18
Q

were unresponsive, insensitive, and coldly rejecting

A

Mothers of avoidant babies

19
Q

tried to be responsive but were inconsistent and insensitive to the baby’s actions, often talking to the infant about something unrelated to what the infant was doing at the time

A

Mothers of ambivalent babies

20
Q

were found to be abusive or neglectful in interactions with the infants

A

Mothers of disorganized–disoriented babies

21
Q

Researchers have concluded that while high-quality daycare is important, the ___ received by infants and toddlers in the home has a greater impact on positive development

A

quality of parenting

22
Q

___ is an important first step in forming relationships with others, one that may set the stage for all relationships that follow

A

Attachment

23
Q

is the image you have of yourself, and it is based on your interactions with the important people in your life

A

self-concept

24
Q

One way to demonstrate a child’s growing awareness of self is known as the

A

rouge test

25
Q

the image of oneself that develops from interactions with important significant people in one’s life.

A

Self-Concept

26
Q

a psychodynamic theorist who emphasized the importance of social relationships in the development of personality, would certainly disagree with letting a baby “cry it out,” although allowing an infant who has been fed, changed, burped, and checked to cry on occasion will not damage attachment

A

Erik Erikson

27
Q

Erikson believed that development occurred in a series of eight stages

A

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development

28
Q

Infants learn a
basic sense of
trust
dependent
upon how their
needs are
met.

A

Trust vs.
Mistrust

Infant - Birth to 1

29
Q

Toddlers begin
to understand
that they can
control their
own actions.

A

Toddler
1 to 3 years
old
Autonomy vs.
Shame and
Doubt

30
Q

Preschool
children learn
to take
responsibility
for their own
behavior as
they
develop
self-control.

A

Preschool
Age
3 to 5 years
old
Initiative vs.
Guilt

31
Q

The
school-aged
child must
learn new
skills in both
the academic
world and the
social world.
They compare
themselves to
others to measure their
success or
failure.

A

Elementary
School Age
5 to 12 years
old
Industry vs.
Inferiority

32
Q

Adolescents
must decide
who they are,
what they
believe, and
what they
want to be as
an adult.

A

Adolescence
13 to early
20s
Identity vs.
Role
Confusion

33
Q

Young adults
face the task
of finding a
person with
whom they
can share
their identity in
an ongoing,
close,
personal
relationship.

A

Early
Adulthood
20s and 30s
Intimacy vs.
Isolation

34
Q

The focus of
this task is to
find a way to
be a creative,
productive
person who is
nurturing the
next
generation.

A

Middle
Adulthood
40s and 50s
Generativity
vs. Stagnation

35
Q

The task in
this stage
involves
coming to
terms with the
end of life,
reaching a
sense of
wholeness
and
acceptance of
life as it has
been.

A

Late
Adulthood
60s and
beyond
Ego Integrity
vs. Despair