8.8 Flashcards
One of the first ways in which infants demonstrate that they have different personalities is in their
temperament
- characteristics that are fairly well established at birth, the enduring behavioral characteristics such as “easy,” “difficult,” and “slow to warm up.”
Temperament
have identified three (3) basic temperament styles of infants:
Chess & Thomas; easy, difficult, slow to warm up
regular in their schedules of waking, sleeping, and eating and are adaptable to change. __ babies are happy babies and when distressed are easily soothed.
Easy
tend to be irregular in their schedules and are very unhappy about change of any kind. They are loud, active, and tend to be crabby rather than happy.
almost opposite of easy ones
Difficult
associated with infants who are less grumpy, quieter, and more regular than difficult children but who are slow to adapt to change
Slow to warm up
an emotional bond that forms between an infant and a primary caregiver
a significant development in the social and emotional life of the infant, usually forming within the first 6 months of the infant’s life and showing up in some ways during the second 6 months e.g.
Attachment
- Wariness of strangers
Stranger Anxiety
- Fear of being separated from the caregiver - the mother is usually the primary attachment, but infants can attach to fathers and other caregivers as well.
Separation Anxiety
devised a special experimental design to measure the attachment of an infant to the caregiver
Mary Ainsworth
exposing an infant to a series of leave-takings and returns of the mother and a stranger
“Strange Situation”
Ainsworth and her colleague identified four (4) attachment styles:
Secure, Avoidant, Ambivalent, Disorganized-Disorganized
willing to get down from their mother’s lap soon after entering the room with their mothers
explored happily, looking back at their mothers and returning to them every now and then
when the stranger came in, these infants were wary but calm as long as their mother was nearby
mother leaves, infants upset
mother returns, infants happy
Secure
somewhat willing to explore, did not go back-and-forth to their mothers
did not look at the stranger or the mother and reacted very little to her absence or her return, seeming to have no interest or concern
Avoidant
clinging and unwilling to explore
very upset by the stranger regardless of the mother’s presence, protested mightily when the mother left, and were hard to soothe
when the mother returned, the babies would demand to be picked up but at the same time push the mother away or kick her in a mixed reaction to her return
Ambivalent
unable to decide just how they should react to the mother’s return
infants would approach her but with their eyes turned away from her, as if afraid to make eye contact
infants seemed fearful and showed a dazed and depressed look on their faces
Disorganized–disoriented
were loving, warm, sensitive to their infant’s needs, and responsive to the infant’s attempts at communication
Mothers of secure infants
were unresponsive, insensitive, and coldly rejecting
Mothers of avoidant babies
tried to be responsive but were inconsistent and insensitive to the baby’s actions, often talking to the infant about something unrelated to what the infant was doing at the time
Mothers of ambivalent babies
were found to be abusive or neglectful in interactions with the infants
Mothers of disorganized–disoriented babies
Researchers have concluded that while high-quality daycare is important, the ___ received by infants and toddlers in the home has a greater impact on positive development
quality of parenting
___ is an important first step in forming relationships with others, one that may set the stage for all relationships that follow
Attachment
is the image you have of yourself, and it is based on your interactions with the important people in your life
self-concept
One way to demonstrate a child’s growing awareness of self is known as the
rouge test
the image of oneself that develops from interactions with important significant people in one’s life.
Self-Concept
a psychodynamic theorist who emphasized the importance of social relationships in the development of personality, would certainly disagree with letting a baby “cry it out,” although allowing an infant who has been fed, changed, burped, and checked to cry on occasion will not damage attachment
Erik Erikson
Erikson believed that development occurred in a series of eight stages
Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development
Infants learn a
basic sense of
trust
dependent
upon how their
needs are
met.
Trust vs.
Mistrust
Infant - Birth to 1
Toddlers begin
to understand
that they can
control their
own actions.
Toddler
1 to 3 years
old
Autonomy vs.
Shame and
Doubt
Preschool
children learn
to take
responsibility
for their own
behavior as
they
develop
self-control.
Preschool
Age
3 to 5 years
old
Initiative vs.
Guilt
The
school-aged
child must
learn new
skills in both
the academic
world and the
social world.
They compare
themselves to
others to measure their
success or
failure.
Elementary
School Age
5 to 12 years
old
Industry vs.
Inferiority
Adolescents
must decide
who they are,
what they
believe, and
what they
want to be as
an adult.
Adolescence
13 to early
20s
Identity vs.
Role
Confusion
Young adults
face the task
of finding a
person with
whom they
can share
their identity in
an ongoing,
close,
personal
relationship.
Early
Adulthood
20s and 30s
Intimacy vs.
Isolation
The focus of
this task is to
find a way to
be a creative,
productive
person who is
nurturing the
next
generation.
Middle
Adulthood
40s and 50s
Generativity
vs. Stagnation
The task in
this stage
involves
coming to
terms with the
end of life,
reaching a
sense of
wholeness
and
acceptance of
life as it has
been.
Late
Adulthood
60s and
beyond
Ego Integrity
vs. Despair
