3.9-3.11 Flashcards
the tendency to perceive objects, or figures, as existing on a background.
Figure-ground
visual in which the figure and ground can be reversed.
Reversible figures
the tendency to perceive things that look similar to each other as being part of the same group.
Similarity
the tendency to perceive objects that are close to each other as part of the same grouping.
Proximity
the tendency to complete figures that are incomplete.
Closure
the tendency to perceive things as simply as possible with a continuous pattern rather than with a complex, broken-up pattern.
Continuity
the tendency to perceive two things that happen close together in time as being related.
Contiguity
the ability to perceive the world in three dimensions.
Depth Perception
are the cues for perceiving depth based on one eye only.
Monocular Clues
(pictorial depth cues)
the tendency for parallel lines to appear converge on each other.
Linear perspective
perception that occurs when objects that a person expects to be of a certain size appear to be small and are, therefore, assumed to be much farther away.
Relative size
the assumption that an object that appears to be blocking part of another object is in front of the second object and closer to the view.
Interposition (overlap)
the haziness that surrounds objects that are farther away from the viewer, causing the distance to be perceived as greater.
Aerial perspective
the tendency for textured surfaces to appear to become smaller and finer as the distance from the viewer increases.
Texture gradient
the perception of motion of objects that appear to move more quickly than objects that are farther away.
Motion parallax
as a monocular clue, the brain’s use of information about the changing thickness of the lens of the eye in response to looking at objects that are close or far away.
Accommodation
Cues for perceiving depth based on both eyes.
Binocular Cues
the rotation of the two eyes in their sockets to focus on a single object, resulting in greater convergence for closer objects and lesser convergence if objects are distant.
Convergence
the difference in images between the two eyes, which is greater for objects that are close and smaller for distant objects.
Binocular disparity
is possibly due to the response of the primary visual cortex
The Herman Grid
illusion of line length that is distorted by inward-turning or outward-turning corners on the ends of the lines, causing lines of equal length to appear to be different.
Müller-Lyer Illusion
the moon on the horizon appears to be larger than the moon in the sky.
Moon Illusion
Illusions of Motion:
Autokinetic Effect, Stroboscopic motion, The Enigma, Rotating Snakes, Phi Phenomenon
a small, stationary light in a darkened room will appear to move or drift because there are no surrounding cues to indicate that the light is not moving.
Autokinetic Effect
seen in motion pictures, in which a rapid series of still pictures will appear to be in motion.
Stroboscopic Motion
lights turned on in a sequence appear to move.
Phi Phenomenon
is due in part to eye movements.
Rotating Snakes
are due inn part to microsaccarades.
The Enigma
the last type of perceptual illusiomn
Ame’s Room Illusion
the tendency to perceive things a certain way because previous experiences or expectations influence those perceptions.
Perceptual Set (Perceptual Expectancy)
the use of preexisting knowledge to organize individual features into a unified whole.
Top-down processing
the analysis of the smaller features to build up to a complete perception.
Bottom-up processing
