5.9-5.14

Question 1

The reinforcement of simple steps in behavior through successive approximations that lead to a desired, more complex behavior.

Answer 1

Shaping

Question 2

The goal is achieved by reinforcing each successful approximation (small steps one after the other that get closer and closer to the goal.

Answer 2

Shaping

Question 3

Refers to the application of operant conditioning (and sometimes classical conditioning) to bring about such changes.

Answer 3

Behavior Modification

Question 4

The use of learning techniques to modify or change undesirable behavior and increase desirable behavior.

Answer 4

Behavior Modification

Question 5

Tendency for an animal’s behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns.

Answer 5

Instinctive Drift

Question 6

The use of objects called tokens to reinforce behavior in which the tokens can be accumulated and exchanged for desired items or privileges.

Answer 6

Token Economy

Question 7

Modern term for a form of functional analysis and behavior modification that uses a variety of behavioral techniques to mold a desired behavior or response.

Answer 7

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)

Question 8

Using feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses, such as blood pressure and relaxation, under voluntary control.

Answer 8

Biofeedback

Question 9

Form of biofeedback using brain-scanning devices to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior.

Answer 9

Neurofeedback

Question 10

thought processes

Answer 10

Cognition

Question 11

mental events that take place inside a person’s mind while behaving

Answer 11

Cognition

Question 12

focuses on role of cognition, or thought processes, on learning

Answer 12

Cognitive Learning Theory

Question 13

learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful.

Answer 13

Latent learning

Question 14

Gestalt psychologist
conducted an experiment that involved teaching three groups of rats the same maze

Answer 14

Edward Tolman

Question 15

the one who coined the term latent learning

Answer 15

Edward
Tolman

Question 16

sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly. CANNOT be gained through trial-and error learning ALONE. “Aha” moment

Answer 16

Insight learning

Question 17

Gestalt psychologist
conducted an experiment on chimpanzees
struck at the primate research lab on an island in the Canaries after World War I broke out

Answer 17

Wolfgang Köhler

Question 18

chimpanzee used by Köhler in his experiment

Answer 18

Sultan

Question 19

tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past

Answer 19

Learned helplessness

Question 20

modern psychologist
founder of the field of positive psychology

Answer 20

Martin Seligman

Question 21

focuses on the adaptive, creative, and psychologically more fulfilling aspects of human experience rather than on mental disorders

Answer 21

Positive psychology

Question 22

originally studied escape and avoidance learning in dogs through classical conditioning

Answer 22

Martin Seligman

Question 23

Seligman’s colleague and co-researcher
revisited the phenomenon of learned helplessness from a neuroscientific approach

Answer 23

Steven F. Maier

Question 24

Learning: depends on reinforcing consequences

Question 25

Learning: could happen WITHOUT reinforcement and then later affect behavior

Answer 25

Tolman

Question 26

Animals: use trial-and-error to learn

Answer 26

Thorndike

Question 27

Animals use insight and purpose in learning

Answer 27

Köhler

Question 28

much older part of the brain (located in the brain stem)
NOT able to determine what type of stressors are controllable

Answer 28

Dorsal Raphe Nucleus

Question 29

part of frontal lobe
able to help determine what is controllable
inhibits the brain stem area and calms the amygdala’s response

Answer 29

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC)

Question 30

learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior.

Answer 30

Observational Learning

Question 31

conducted a study in observational learning that involved having a preschool child in a room in which the experimenter and a model interacted with toys in front of the child

Answer 31

Albert Bandura

Question 32

learning can take place WITHOUT actual performance of the learned behavior

Answer 32

Learning/Performance Distinction

Question 33

do matter in motivating a child (or an adult) to imitate a particular model

Answer 33

Consequences

Question 34

behavior aimed at helping others
has also been shown to be influenced by media consumption
as prosocial behavior increases, aggressive behavior decreases

Answer 34

Prosocial Behavior

Question 35

-to learn anything through observation, the learner must first pay attention to the model

Answer 35

Attention

Question 36

the learner must also be able to retain the memory of what was done, such as remembering the steps in preparing a dish that were first seen on a cooking show

Answer 36

Memory

Question 37

the learner must be capable of reproducing or imitating, the actions of the model

Answer 37

Imitation

Question 38

the learner must have the desire to perform the action

Answer 38

Desire/Motivation