5.9-5.14 Flashcards
The reinforcement of simple steps in behavior through successive approximations that lead to a desired, more complex behavior.
Shaping
The goal is achieved by reinforcing each successful approximation (small steps one after the other that get closer and closer to the goal.
Shaping
Refers to the application of operant conditioning (and sometimes classical conditioning) to bring about such changes.
Behavior Modification
The use of learning techniques to modify or change undesirable behavior and increase desirable behavior.
Behavior Modification
Tendency for an animal’s behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns.
Instinctive Drift
The use of objects called tokens to reinforce behavior in which the tokens can be accumulated and exchanged for desired items or privileges.
Token Economy
Modern term for a form of functional analysis and behavior modification that uses a variety of behavioral techniques to mold a desired behavior or response.
Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)
Using feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses, such as blood pressure and relaxation, under voluntary control.
Biofeedback
Form of biofeedback using brain-scanning devices to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior.
Neurofeedback
thought processes
Cognition
mental events that take place inside a person’s mind while behaving
Cognition
focuses on role of cognition, or thought processes, on learning
Cognitive Learning Theory
learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful.
Latent learning
Gestalt psychologist
conducted an experiment that involved teaching three groups of rats the same maze
Edward Tolman
the one who coined the term latent learning
Edward
Tolman
sudden perception of relationships among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly. CANNOT be gained through trial-and error learning ALONE. “Aha” moment
Insight learning
Gestalt psychologist
conducted an experiment on chimpanzees
struck at the primate research lab on an island in the Canaries after World War I broke out
Wolfgang Köhler
chimpanzee used by Köhler in his experiment
Sultan
tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past
Learned helplessness
modern psychologist
founder of the field of positive psychology
Martin Seligman
focuses on the adaptive, creative, and psychologically more fulfilling aspects of human experience rather than on mental disorders
Positive psychology
originally studied escape and avoidance learning in dogs through classical conditioning
Martin Seligman
Seligman’s colleague and co-researcher
revisited the phenomenon of learned helplessness from a neuroscientific approach
Steven F. Maier
Learning: depends on reinforcing consequences
Learning: could happen WITHOUT reinforcement and then later affect behavior
Tolman
Animals: use trial-and-error to learn
Thorndike
Animals use insight and purpose in learning
Köhler
much older part of the brain (located in the brain stem)
NOT able to determine what type of stressors are controllable
Dorsal Raphe Nucleus
part of frontal lobe
able to help determine what is controllable
inhibits the brain stem area and calms the amygdala’s response
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC)
learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior.
Observational Learning
conducted a study in observational learning that involved having a preschool child in a room in which the experimenter and a model interacted with toys in front of the child
Albert Bandura
learning can take place WITHOUT actual performance of the learned behavior
Learning/Performance Distinction
do matter in motivating a child (or an adult) to imitate a particular model
Consequences
behavior aimed at helping others
has also been shown to be influenced by media consumption
as prosocial behavior increases, aggressive behavior decreases
Prosocial Behavior
-to learn anything through observation, the learner must first pay attention to the model
Attention
the learner must also be able to retain the memory of what was done, such as remembering the steps in preparing a dish that were first seen on a cooking show
Memory
the learner must be capable of reproducing or imitating, the actions of the model
Imitation
the learner must have the desire to perform the action
Desire/Motivation
