10.3-10.4 Flashcards
➢ The culture’s expectations for male and
female behavior, including attitudes,
actions, and personality traits associated
with being male or female in that culture.
Gender Roles
➢ The process of acquiring gender-role characteristics
Gender Typing
➢ The individual’s sense of being masculine
or feminine.
Gender Identity
➢ A person who’s sense of gender identity
does not match their physical self, their
primary and secondary sex
characteristics, the gender roles
associated with their physical sex, or even
the sex chromosomes that determine
whether he is a male or female.
Transgender
➢ A person experiences gender
incongruence, feeling that he or she is
occupying the body of the other sex or
some alternative gender and has
significant distress about the
incongruence.
Gender Dysphoria
➢ A person who chooses to alter themselves
physically through surgery or hormonal treatments (ex: having a surgery to acquire
primary and/or secondary sexual sex
characteristics of the gender they feel they
were always meant to be.)
Transexual
➢ A gender condition in which a man, whose
partner is pregnant, may experience a kind
of “sympathy pregnancy”. For instance, he
may feel physical pain while his life is in
labor.
Couvade Syndrome
Perhaps out of
jealousy of attention given to the pregnant
wife.
A Psychiatric Disorder:
One study
showed that men who have couvade
syndrome produce female hormones
normally associated with the production
of breast milk.
Real Biological Changes:
It may be a way
for some men to work through their
feelings about impending fatherhood. Or it
may be related to how emotionally
sensitive they are, or prone to personal
distress.
An Emotional Response:
➢ Exposure to hormones during fetal
development not only causes the
formation of the sexual organs but also
predisposes the infant to behavior that is
typically associated with one gender or the
other, although not necessarily to a certain
gender identity.
Hormonal Differences
➢ A developmental stage of rigid adherence
to gender-typed clothing and toys,
regardless of their parents’ preferences for
the same items.
Gender Appearance Rigidity
➢ A brain-scanning technique that examined
the way in which men and women respond
to visual sexual stimuli.
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
The___
areas of the limbic system (areas
involved in emotional and sexual
response) were more strongly
active in __ than in women who
viewed the pictures.
amygdala and hypothalamus; men
➢ In most cultures, there are certain roles
that males and females are expected to
play (gender roles, in other words), and the
pressure that can be brought to bear on a person who does not conform to these
expectations can be tremendous.
Cultural Expectations
___ with lower wealth
tend to hold more traditional gender views,
though women are often less traditional
than men.
Collectivistic cultures
➢ Although studies of parents’ influence on
their children’s gender typing show that
both parents have an important impact,
they also show that fathers are typically
more concerned about their sons showing
masculine behavior than they are about
their daughters showing feminine
behavior.
Parental Influences
- Gender roles are learned through
observation and imitation of models. - When children imitate appropriate gender
role behavior, they are reinforced with
positive attention. - Inappropriate gender behavior is either
ignored or actively discouraged.
Social Learning Theory
- A theory of gender-role development that
combines social learning theory with
cognitive development.
Gender Schema Theory
Children develop a ___, a mental
pattern or framework, for being a male or
female.
schema,
– a concept that can be held about a
person or group of people that is based on very
superficial characteristics.
Stereotype
– a concept about males or
females that assigns various characteristics to
them on the basis of nothing more than being male
or female.
Gender Stereotype
✓ Aggressive, logical, decisive, unemotional,
insensitive, nonnurturing, impatient, and
mechanically talented.
Male Gender Stereotype:
✓ Illogical, changeable, emotional,
sensitive, naturally nurturing, patient, and
all thumbs when it comes to
understanding machines.
Female Gender Stereotype:
- Developed by psychologist __
- A characteristic of possessing the most
positive personality characteristics of
males and females regardless of actual
sex.
Androgyny;Sandra Bem.
