8.1-8.3 Flashcards
Age-related changes are studied using longitudinal design where a single group of individuals is observed and analyzed at different intervals as they age.
Longitudinal Design
- A research approach where several age groups are examined at once.
Cross-sectional Design
- A combination of the longitudinal and cross-sectional designs.
Cross-sequential Design
Refers to human genetics. It includes the genes we inherit and other heredity factors that shape our personality and influence the development from childhood to adulthood.
Nature
- Refers to all the external or environmental factors that impact human development. These factors include how someone is raised, socioeconomic status, early childhood experiences, education, and daily habits
Nurture
- Assess the degree of risk for relatives developing mental disorders that other families suffer from.
Family Studies
- Share 100% of their genes (nature), as they originate from a single fertilized egg. These twins provide valuable insights into the genetic influence on traits and psychopathology.
Monozygotic Twins (Identical Twins)
share only 50% of their genes (nature), as they originated from two separate fertilized eggs, similarly to any other siblings.
Dizygotic Twin (Fraternal Twins)
In terms of ___, Identical and Fraternal Twins both share 100%. They share the same environment.
nurture
- Focus on individuals who were adopted and raised in environments different from their biological parents.
Adoption Studies
Remarkable molecule—the blueprint of life. It resides within the nucleus of the cells.
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
Composed of two long sugar-phosphate strands, DNA is linked by chemical bases
(adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine)
are organic structures for building proteins that shape physical traits (such as hair color, muscle, and skin) and regulate cellular processes.
Amines
Each specific sequence of bases represents a ___—a segment of DNA with a distinct function.
gene
Like tiny command centers within the DNA. Determine the traits, from eye color to susceptibility to certain diseases.
genes
Humans harbor approximately ___different genes. Half of these come from the biological mothers, and the other half from the biological father.
20,000 to 25,000
Rod-shaped structures, which are found in the nucleus of a cell. Each chromosome houses many genes.
Chromosomes
Humans possess __ chromosomes in most cells (except for eggs and sperm). These Chromosomes come in pairs—one from each parent.
46
____ (22 pairs) dominate most of the characteristics. The last 23rd pair determines the __-:
Autosomes; sex
two X-shaped chromosomes for ____ and an X and a Y for ___.
females; males
are more active in influencing a trait. If an individual carries a ___gene for a specific trait, that trait will be expressed in their observable characteristics.
Dominant Genes
- are less active in influencing a trait. ____ genes are expressed in the observable trait only when paired with another recessive gene. These genes tend to fade when paired with a more dominant gene.
Recessive Genes
This involves the influence of multiple pairs of genes on a single trait.
Most traits—whether physical, behavioral, or health related are influenced by the combined effects of several genes.
Polygenic Inheritance
The term “polygenic” means “
many genes”.
Certain genes tend to associate with each other, especially when influencing related traits.
Genes Grouping Together
Some genes are equally dominant or equally recessive.
When an individual inherits one dominant and one recessive gene (e.g., one for blond hair and one for red hair), instead of one gene overpowering the other, these genes may blend together.
Equally Dominant or Recessive Genes
Some disorders are carried by dominant genes
Only one parent needs to have the gene for the disorder to be passed onto offspring.
Dominant Genes and Disorders:
A breakdown in brain neurons. -
Huntington’s disease:
A connective tissue disorder.
Marfan’s syndrome:
Recessive genes cause other genetically determined disorders.
These disorders are inherited when a child inherits two recessive genes, one from each parent.
Recessive Genes and Inherited Disorders:
A disease affecting the respiratory and digestive tracts.
Cystic fibrosis:
A blood disorder.
Sickle-cell anemia:
A fatal neurological disorder. -
Tay-Sachs disorder:
Infants born without the ability to break down phenylalanine, leading to severe intellectual disabilities if untreated.
Phenylketonuria (PKU):
Sometimes the chromosome itself is the problem.
Errors during cell division can lead to missing or extra chromosomes.
Chromosome Disorders:
An extra chromosome in the 21st pair.
Down syndrome:
: Extra sex chromosome (XXY) in the 23rd pair.
Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY)
: Missing an X chromosome
Turner Syndrome (XO)
