5.3-5.5 Flashcards
demonstration of the classical conditioning of a phobia.
“Little Albert
an irrational fear response.
Phobia
easiest forms of classical conditioning to accomplish.
Conditioned Emotional Response (CER)
emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli.
Conditioned Emotional Response (CER)
may lead to phobias
CER
Classical conditioning of an involuntary response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person.
Vicarious Conditioning
development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction.
Occurs after only one association.
Conditioned Taste Aversions
The tendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea, with only one or few pairings due to the survival value of the learning.
Biological Preparedness
for fear of objects that are dangerous makes sense for survival, but when objects are not typically dangerous, it turns out to be very difficult to condition a fear of those objects.
Biological preparedness
is about how organisms learn voluntary responses.
Operant Conditioning
Operant Conditioning is based on the research of
Edward L. Thorndike and B.F. Skinner.
placed a hungry cat inside a “puzzle box” from which the only escape was to press a lever on the box floor. The cat will receive a food reward if it breaks out of the box.
Frustrating Cats: Thorndike’s Law of Effect
If a pleasurable consequence follows an action, it will tend to be repeated. If an action is followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend to not be repeated.
Law of Effect
was the behaviorist who assumed leadership in the field after John Watson.
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) was the behaviorist who assumed leadership in the field after
John Watson
is what people and animals do to operate in the world.
Voluntary behavior
Learning depends on what happens after the response
the consequence.
anything that, when following a response, causes that response to be more likely to happen again.
Reinforcement
His early research often involved placing a rat in one of these chambers and training it to push down on a bar to get food.
Skinner box or operant conditioning chamber
any events or objects that, when following a response, increase the likelihood of that response occurring again.
Reinforcers
Reinforcers that fulfill a basic need.
Primary Reinforcers
Gets their reinforcing properties from being associated with primary reinforcers in the past.
Secondary Reinforcers
Responses are voluntary
OC
End result is the creation of a new response to a stimulus that did not normally produce a response
CC
Consequences are important in forming an association
OC
Responses are involuntary and automatic
CC
End result is an increase in the rate of an already occurring response
OC
Antecedent stimuli are important in forming an association
CC
Reinforcement should be immediate
OC
CS must occur immediately before the UCS
CC
An expectancy develops for reinforcement to follow a correct response
OC
An expectancy develops for UCS to follow CS.
CC
One important area involved in learning consists of
neurons in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)
neurons in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is located in the
frontal lobe above the front of corpus callosum
was a part of the reward pathway, and both of these areas are involved in the release of dopamine.
nucleus accumbens
is involved in the process of reinforcement.
Dopamine
what is happening in the brain when you hear that sound followed by rewarding activities is
excitatory activity
the reinforcement of a response by the addition or experience of a pleasurable consequence, such as a reward or a pat on the back.
Positive Reinforcement
the reinforcement of a response by the removal or escape from something unpleasant will also increase the likelihood of that response being repeated. Example is avoiding a penalty by turning one’s income tax return in on time.
Negative Reinforcement
