5.3-5.5

Question 1

demonstration of the classical conditioning of a phobia.

Answer 1

“Little Albert

Question 2

an irrational fear response.

Answer 2

Phobia

Question 3

easiest forms of classical conditioning to accomplish.

Answer 3

Conditioned Emotional Response (CER)

Question 4

emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli.

Answer 4

Conditioned Emotional Response (CER)

Question 5

may lead to phobias

Answer 5

CER

Question 6

Classical conditioning of an involuntary response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person.

Answer 6

Vicarious Conditioning

Question 7

development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nausea reaction.
Occurs after only one association.

Answer 7

Conditioned Taste Aversions

Question 8

The tendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea, with only one or few pairings due to the survival value of the learning.

Answer 8

Biological Preparedness

Question 9

for fear of objects that are dangerous makes sense for survival, but when objects are not typically dangerous, it turns out to be very difficult to condition a fear of those objects.

Answer 9

Biological preparedness

Question 10

is about how organisms learn voluntary responses.

Answer 10

Operant Conditioning

Question 11

Operant Conditioning is based on the research of

Answer 11

Edward L. Thorndike and B.F. Skinner.

Question 12

placed a hungry cat inside a “puzzle box” from which the only escape was to press a lever on the box floor. The cat will receive a food reward if it breaks out of the box.

Answer 12

Frustrating Cats: Thorndike’s Law of Effect

Question 13

If a pleasurable consequence follows an action, it will tend to be repeated. If an action is followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend to not be repeated.

Answer 13

Law of Effect

Question 14

was the behaviorist who assumed leadership in the field after John Watson.

Answer 14

B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)

Question 15

B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) was the behaviorist who assumed leadership in the field after

Answer 15

John Watson

Question 16

is what people and animals do to operate in the world.

Answer 16

Voluntary behavior

Question 17

Learning depends on what happens after the response

Answer 17

the consequence.

Question 18

anything that, when following a response, causes that response to be more likely to happen again.

Answer 18

Reinforcement

Question 19

His early research often involved placing a rat in one of these chambers and training it to push down on a bar to get food.

Answer 19

Skinner box or operant conditioning chamber

Question 20

any events or objects that, when following a response, increase the likelihood of that response occurring again.

Answer 20

Reinforcers

Question 21

Reinforcers that fulfill a basic need.

Answer 21

Primary Reinforcers

Question 22

Gets their reinforcing properties from being associated with primary reinforcers in the past.

Answer 22

Secondary Reinforcers

Question 23

Responses are voluntary

Answer 23

OC

Question 24

End result is the creation of a new response to a stimulus that did not normally produce a response

Answer 24

CC

Question 25

Consequences are important in forming an association

Answer 25

OC

Question 26

Responses are involuntary and automatic

Answer 26

CC

Question 27

End result is an increase in the rate of an already occurring response

Answer 27

OC

Question 28

Antecedent stimuli are important in forming an association

Answer 28

CC

Question 29

Reinforcement should be immediate

Answer 29

OC

Question 30

CS must occur immediately before the UCS

Answer 30

CC

Question 31

An expectancy develops for reinforcement to follow a correct response

Answer 31

OC

Question 32

An expectancy develops for UCS to follow CS.

Answer 32

CC

Question 33

One important area involved in learning consists of

Answer 33

neurons in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)

Question 34

neurons in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is located in the

Answer 34

frontal lobe above the front of corpus callosum

Question 35

was a part of the reward pathway, and both of these areas are involved in the release of dopamine.

Answer 35

nucleus accumbens

Question 36

is involved in the process of reinforcement.

Answer 36

Dopamine

Question 37

what is happening in the brain when you hear that sound followed by rewarding activities is

Answer 37

excitatory activity

Question 38

the reinforcement of a response by the addition or experience of a pleasurable consequence, such as a reward or a pat on the back.

Answer 38

Positive Reinforcement

Question 39

the reinforcement of a response by the removal or escape from something unpleasant will also increase the likelihood of that response being repeated. Example is avoiding a penalty by turning one’s income tax return in on time.

Answer 39

Negative Reinforcement