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AP Bio > Cell Transport > Flashcards

Cell Transport Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Every living cell exists in a _____ environment

A

liquid

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2
Q

Cytoplasm is a ____

A

solution

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3
Q

Gas and liquids are called ____

A

fluids

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4
Q

In all solutions solute particles…

A

move constantly, collide with each other, and spread out randomly

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5
Q

Diffusion

A

particles that move from an area that they re not concentrated in to an area that they are not

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6
Q

What is the driving force of movement of substances across the cell membrane?

A

diffusion

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7
Q

In diffusion substances move ___ their concentration gradient

A

down

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8
Q

Example of diffusion

A

When you put sugar in cawfee, the sugar crystals disperse through it

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9
Q

Diffusion causes particles to move in and out of the cell membrane until they…

A

reach equilibrium

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10
Q

Dynamic Equilibrium

A

the idea that particles will still randomly move when the reach equilibrium (NO energy is needed)

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11
Q

How many types of diffusion are there? and what are they?

A

Three: Passive transport, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

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12
Q

Passive Transport

A

the movement of materials across the cell membrane without using cellular energy

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13
Q

In Passive transport, particles move _____ their concentration gradient. (substance moves from area of ___ concentration to an area of ____ concentration.)

A

down; higher; lower

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14
Q

What molecules can pass through the cell membrane with passive transport?

A

small and nonpolar (uncharged) molecules such as oxygen or carbon dioxide because their properties allow them to dissolve in the lipid’s environment

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15
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

the process in which molecules that cannot directly diffuse across the membrane (such as glucose and ions) pass through SPECIAL PROTEIN CHANNELS

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16
Q

Does facilitated diffusion require energy?

A

No

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17
Q

In facilitated diffusion substances move _____ their concentration gradient

A

down

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18
Q

Special protein channels aka…

A

Gated channels (which need hormones to open)

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19
Q

Osmosis

A

the facilitated diffusion of water molecules NOT solute molecules (look at example in notebook)

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20
Q

Aquaporins

A

water channel proteins needed because the lipid bilayer is hydrophobic (these are always open)

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21
Q

Isotonic

A

When equilibrium is reached with the amount of solute and water molecules “same strength”

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22
Q

Hypertonic

A

“above strength” higher concentration of solute; therefore, less water

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23
Q

Hypotonic

A

“below strength” lower concentration of the solute; therefore, more water

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24
Q

Hypotonic, Isotonic, and Hypertonic are all

A

relative terms

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25
Q

If the solution is isotonic an animal cell will be

A

normally shaped; function properly (look at nb example)

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26
Q

If the solution is isotonic a plant cell will be

A

flacid; weak b/c less water in central vacuole (look at nb example)

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27
Q

If solution is hypertonic in a plan tcell, the cells will

A

plasmolyze; die b/c central vacuole no longer supports cell wall(look at nb example)

28
Q

If solution is hypertonic in an animal cell, the cells will

A

shrink; start to die(look at nb example)

29
Q

If solution is hypotonic in an animal cell, the cells will

A

swell; burst and die (look at nb example)

30
Q

If solution is hypotonic in a plant cell, the cells will

A

be healthy; normal; turgid b/c large central vacuole fully supports the cell wall (look at nb example)

31
Q

Plasmolysis

A

cell membrane separates from cell wall due to not enough water in the central vacuole

32
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

the force that moves water in or out of cells

33
Q

Because cells contain salts, sugars, proteins, etc. they are almost always ____ to fresh water

A

hypertonic

34
Q

Because most cells are usually hypertonic to fresh water….

A

fresh water will go inside the cell, causing it to swell which can cause cells to burst

35
Q

Are cells in large organisms in danger of bursting? Why?

A

Np, because they are surrounded by isotonic fluid such as blood

36
Q

If plant cells come in contact with too much fresh water…

A

they may damage cell walls because of too much water in the central vacuole

37
Q

If cells such as eggs come in contact with too much fresh water…

A

nothing will happen to them because they have no water channels

38
Q

If bacteria cells come in contact with too much fresh water

A

nothing will happen to them because they have protective cell walls

39
Q

Active Transport

A

the movement of materials against a concentration difference which requires energy

40
Q

How many methods of active transport are there and what are they?

A

4: Protein pumps/molecular transport, bulk transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis

41
Q

Where are protein pumps found

A

in the cell membrane

42
Q

What do protein pumps transport?

A

Small molecules and ions (calcium, potassium, sodium, etc)

43
Q

Why is energy needed for protein pumps?

A

Energy usage allows protein pumps to work because they work against diffusion by concentrating substances in a certain location.

44
Q

Bulk Transport

A

process in which large molecules and solid clumps of material are transported by movements of the cell membrane

45
Q

Endocytosis

A

process of taking material INTO the cell by means of infoldings,or pockets of the cell membrane

46
Q

How does endocytosis occur?

A

1) A pocket breaks lose from outer portion of the cell membrane and forms a vesicle WITHIN the cytoplasm
2) Vesicle transports material in the cell.
(Look at model in NB)

47
Q

What can endocytosis transport

A

clumps of food, molecules, whole cells, etc.

48
Q

How many types of endocytosis are there?

A

2: phagocytosis and pinocytosis

49
Q

Phagocytosis

A

type of endocytosis in which extensions of cytoplasm surround particles and package in a vacuole and engulf it (Look at model in NB)

50
Q

Phagocytosis is aka

A

Cellular Eating

51
Q

What uses Phagocytosis?

A

white blood cells

52
Q

Pinocytosis

A

type of endocytosis in which pockets form along the cell membrane, fill with liquid, and pinch off the side to form vacuoles (look at model in NB)

53
Q

Pinocytosis is aka

A

cellular drinking

54
Q

Exocytosis

A

the process in which cells release large amounts of material

55
Q

How does exocytosis occur?

A

the membrane of a vacuole fuses with the cell membrane, forcing the contents out of the cell
(Look at model in NB)

56
Q

How do gated channels in protein pumps open?

A

Hormones bond to a hormone bonding site on the channels, opening the channel

57
Q

What type of cell transport would be best to move substances into out out of the cell quickly?

A

Active Transport

58
Q

Electrochemical gradient

A

inside of the cell is negative and the outside of the cell is positive –> so more negatively charged things want to go in and positively charged things want to go out

59
Q

What is the electrochemical gradient useful for

A

animals and plants use it to pump out ions and create an energy differential so the cell is always doing work

60
Q

electrical force

A

force created by membrane potential

61
Q

Chemical force

A

concentration gradient

62
Q

How many types of gated channels are there and what are they

A

2: volted gated ion and mechanical

63
Q

Volted gated ion channels

A

when there’s a diff concetration between two sides of the membrane and this causes stuff to go through

64
Q

Mechanical channel

A

signal receptor channels

65
Q

Are cells always doing work

A

yes

66
Q

Electrogenic pump

A

pumps that maintain the membrane potential and pump ions in out *** watch video

67
Q
A

AP Bio (67 decks)

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