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AP Bio > Cell Signaling > Flashcards

Cell Signaling Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Signal Transduction Pathway

A

a series of steps in which cells send signals and create cellular responses with the use of receptors and ligands

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2
Q

Transduced

A

when a mating signal is changed because it is received by the receiving cell and the signal causes a cellular response

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3
Q

If signals are not reduced can reactions happen

A

no –> there is no cellular response

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4
Q

Paracrine signaling

A

type of signal where a signal is sent out to the area surrounding it and the only cells that can pick up on it are the ones with the proper receptors

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5
Q

How many types of local signaling are there and what are they

A

2: paracrine signaling + synaptic signaling

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6
Q

Synaptic signaling

A

sends chemical signal directly to a specific cell (through a gap called a synapse)

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7
Q

what are the only types of cells that use synaptic signaling

A

neurons

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8
Q

Local signaling

A

signaling cells that are around you

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9
Q

Long distance signaling aka

A

hormonal signaling

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10
Q

hormonal signaling

A

signal from endocrine cell gets sent to the blood and it goes throughout the body and then goes to thee target cell (specific cell with specific receptor)

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11
Q

endocrine cell

A

hormones

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12
Q

How many types of hormonal signaling and what are they

A

2: animals and plants

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13
Q

Animals hormonal signaling

A

through the circulatory system

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14
Q

What are some examples of things that come out of synaptic signaling

A

dopamine

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15
Q

What are some examples of things that are caused by paracrine signaling

A

growth factors (like HEY BITCHES DO MITOSIS)

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16
Q

endocrine signaling of plants (way 1)

A

plants obvi don’t have hormones so plant factors send signals through the xylem and the phloem and these go to other cells (plasmodesmata)

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17
Q

endocrine signaling of plants (way 2)

A

can send signals through the air with gas

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18
Q

Direct contact signaling for animals

A

gap junctions, tight junctions, desmosomes or sending signals through the cytoskeleton

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19
Q

Direct contact signaling for plants

A

cytoplasmic channels (plasmodesmata)chemicals directly flow from one cell to the next

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20
Q

Ligand

A

small molecules that bond to large receptors

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21
Q

Examples of ligands

A

chemical signals

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22
Q

What are the three steps of cell Signaling

A

reception Transduction response

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23
Q

Reception

A

cells receive signals (usually on the membrane –> proteins) can be on the inside of the cell

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24
Q

Transduction

A

proteins (relay molecules) change their shape when chemicals bind to the receptor and this happens in steps

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25
Q

Response

A

signal is interpreted and smth happens in the cell

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26
Q

What are some examples of things that can happen in response

A

transcription factor
activator
inhibitor

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27
Q

membrane receptor proteins

A

in membrane bc hard to go through the membrane

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28
Q

G-protein linked receptors

A

cell surface receptors that are water soluble signaling molecules that transfer signals from the ECM to the inside of the cell

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29
Q

How do g protein linked receptors work

A

so the signaling (ligand) gets added to the receptor that’s on the cell membrane
this makes the g-protein that’s js hanging there get activated by turning the GDP on it into GTP
this then goes to the enzyme thats chilling there and the g protein activates it and it does some cellular response type shiiiii

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30
Q

Chemical signals usually come in the form of what

A

ligand

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31
Q

Tyrosine Kinase receptors

A

plasma membrane receptors that induce cell responses

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32
Q

What happens to the gcpr when the ligand binds to it

A

it changes shape!

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33
Q

What happens to the enzyme in the gcpr pathway when the g protein binds to it

A

it changes shape when it becomes active!

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34
Q

What happens in the gcpr pathway when the enyzyme catalyzes a response or smth

A

the g protein hydrolyzes itself: GTP –> GDP + P

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35
Q

When the GTP turns back into GDP what does the enzyme do

A

it moves away from the g protein

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36
Q

G protein functions

A

yeast mating factor
many hormones such as epinephrine
embryonic development
vision and smell

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37
Q

Dephosphorylation

A

inactivating protein kinase by removing phosphate groups

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38
Q

Tyrosine-Kinase Receptor

A

plasma membrane receptors that induce enzymatic activity and can trigger MULTIPLE transduction pathways

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39
Q

How many molecules is a tyrosine Kinase receptor made of and what are they

A

2 monomers (amino acids)

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40
Q

How do tyrosine Kinase receptors work

A

the 2 proteins are turned on by ligands (signal molecules) and they come together to form a dimer
now since its active the RTKS phosphorylate the tyrosines and the RTKS are active and they can bind to relay proteins which can cause cellular responses

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40
Q

Kinase

A

enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups

41
Q

Tyrosine

A

amino acids that are on the substrates (the RTKS)

42
Q

Do the RTKs phosphorylate their own tyrosines

A

they phosphorylate each other

43
Q

Tyrosine-Kinase uses

A

growth factors
many hormones such a as insulin

44
Q

Ion Channel Receptors

A

type of membrane receptors that have a region that acts as a gate which opens and closes to lets special ions such as Na+ or Ca2+ in

45
Q

How do ion Channel Receptors work

A

a ligand binds to theproiten and opens the gate and lets the ion go through

46
Q

Ion channel receptor uses

A

neurotransmitters

47
Q

Intracellular receptors

A

found in the cytoplasm or nucleus of target cell and they have reactions like turning genes on or off

48
Q

How do intracellular receptors work

A

signal molecules go through the membrane and the nuclear membrane without proteins because they are small and hydrophobic and they bind wherever on DNA to make a mRNA copy (polymerase does this) which then makes a specific protein which makes another pathway and cellular responses blah blah blah blah

49
Q

Transcription Factor

A

proteins that control which genes are turned on (can control multiple genes)

50
Q

Why do signal transduction pathways have multiple steps

A

bc it allows there to be easy regulated reactions

51
Q

What causes the changing of the shape of the signal at different steps

A

phosphorylation

52
Q

Most relay molecules in the pathway are

A

protein kinases

53
Q

How does a phosphorylation cascade work

A

so first there’s the receptor and the ligand binds to it and then the active receptor will activate a relay molecule
that relay molecule is gonna dephosphorylate an in active protein kinase to make the next one an active protein kinase
then that protein kinase dephosphorylate a diff inactive protein to make another one active and you repeat until you make an inactive protein an active protein

54
Q

Why is dephosphorylation useful

A

because it is useful bc it always allows thing to be off and on when needed

55
Q

how are things getting from inactive to active

A

they get an added phosphate

56
Q

Secondary messengers

A

the first thing in the pathway

57
Q

Examples of secondary messengers

A

signal molecules

58
Q

Secondary messengers are (what type of molecule)

A

nonproteins that can go through the membrane by diffusion

59
Q

Relay molecules

A

proteins that send signals to a spot and its usually not a protein

60
Q

Protein kinase

A

molecule that adds phosphate to another molecule

61
Q

phorphorylation cascade

A

each protein acts as a kinase to each other

62
Q

Most common secondary messenger

A

cyclic AMP

63
Q

cAMP stands for

A

cyclic adenosine mono phosphate

64
Q

Water Potential

A

the measure of potential energy in the water when the temp and pressure are constant

65
Q

When does water Potential happen

A

movement of free water molecules

66
Q

Water Potential symbol

A

ψ

67
Q

Osmotic Potential

A

the potential of water molecules to move from a hypotonic solution to a hypertonic solution across a semi-permeable membrane via osmosis

68
Q

What causes osmotic Potential

A

dissolved solutes

69
Q

Osmotic Potential symbol

A

ψs

70
Q

Osmotic potential aka

A

soltute potential

71
Q

Pressure Potential

A

the pressure water applies on neighboring solutions due to physical forces

72
Q

Pressure Potential symbol

A

ψp

73
Q

When is ψp positive

A

when the physical pressure is greater than atmospheric pressurre

74
Q

When is ψp negative

A

when the physical pressure is less than atmospheric pressure

75
Q

When is the i in the solute potential equation negative

A

when there are solutes in the solution

76
Q

Common secondary messengers

A

nitric oxide, cAMP, DAG, IP3, calcium

77
Q

Pathway of cAMP

A
  • GPCR pathway
  • the enzyme is adenyl cyclase
    the adenyl cyclase activates the cAMP with ATP
  • the cAMP activates the protein kinase which activates a cellular responses
78
Q

Where does the ATP come from in the cAMP pathway

A

from the energy from the GTP with g protein bindind to it

79
Q

what pathways can calcium be used as a secondary messenger

A

GPCR and RTK pathways

80
Q

why can calcium be used as a secondary messenger

A

because usually the Ca2+ concentration in the cytosol is less than that in the organelles, so when its not it can cause calcium to be actively transported out and reactions to be caused

81
Q

Pathway of calcium + IP3

A
  • GCPR and/or RTK pathway happens
  • The active enzyme cleaves a phospholipid into DAG and IP3
  • IP3 binds to a calcium channel and Ca+ goes from the organelle to the cytosol
  • the calcium activates cellular responses by binding to calmodulin which activates protein –> responses
82
Q

What is the enzyme in the calcium called

A

phospholipase C

83
Q

What is the name of the phospholipid that gets cleaved in the calcium pathway

A

PIP2

84
Q

DAG stands for

A

diacycloglycerol

85
Q

What is calmodulin

A

the protein in the calcium pathway that activates the protein to activate responses

86
Q

Apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

87
Q

Transcription Factors

A

special proteins that control which genes are turned on (which genes are transcribed into mRNA)

88
Q

Why can signaling moleucules go through the membrane

A

because they are either hydrophobic or small enough to cross the hydrophobic interior of the membrane

89
Q

How do transcription Factors turn on and off

A
  • a hormone binds to a receptor protein in the cytoplasm to activate it
  • the protein with the hormone attached goes into the nucleus and sticks onto one gene on a DNA strand
  • this gene is turned into mRNA and then leaves the nucleus ot make a protein to stimulate more reactions
90
Q

How do you see that the signal is transduced in a phosphorylation cascade

A

the protein changes

91
Q

Does one signal only illicit one type of response

A

no one signal can illicit multiple responses because the signal can do different things for different receptors and different proteins

92
Q

Scaffolding Proteins

A

large relay proteins which are attached to several other really proteins in order to increase the efficiency of signal transduction pathways by holding all of the proteins close together

93
Q

Apoptosis

A

cell suicide –> cellular agents chop up the DNA and fragment the organelles and other cytoplasmic components

94
Q

How does a cell apoptosis (process)

A
  • death signal molecules binds to receptor
  • this inactivates Ced-9 which inhibits Ced-4 and Ced-3
  • Ced-3 and Ced-4 become active and they begin the activation cascade to proteases and nucleases which cause apoptosis
  • chopping
  • cell blebs and the cell components are packaged in besicles that are engulfed and digested by scavenger cells
95
Q

Is apoptosis dangerous to surrounding cells

A

no because it packages the digestive enzymes into vesicles so that the digestive enzymes don’t digest other cells or smth

96
Q

Reasons for apoptosis

A

to get rid of vistigial cells (like the cells between your toes [webbing] when ur a baby
get rid of cells that are mal and don’t work

97
Q

Signal Amplification

A

Each time the signal is transferred to another protein in the phosphorylation cascade, the signal multiplies (WATCH THE VIDEO)

98
Q

What kind of cell membrane protein can trigger multiple transduction pathways

A

RTKS

99
Q

Tyrosine

A

amino acids that are on the substrate (RTK)

AP Bio (67 decks)

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