Cell Differentiation Flashcards
The human body contains about ___ ________ cells
100 trillion
Embryo
developmental stage, from which adult organisms are gradually produced. This is where an organism’s cells become more differentiated and specialized for particular function
Differentiation
process by which cells become more specialized
What determines the identity of a cell
differentiation
Mammals go through a flexible process of in which _____ ______ is controlled by…
cell differentiation; factors in the embryo
Have scientists discovered the processes caused by factors in the embryo?
no
Blastocyst
hollow ball of cells with a cluster of cells inside of it known as the inner cell mass
Do adult cells reach a point in which their differentiation is complete and they cannot become other cells
yes (most of them )
What type of cell goes through cell differentiation
zygote
A zygote is a _____
diploid
Diploid
2 sets of chromosomes
Haploid
one set of chromosomes
How many steps does cell differentiation have?
3
What are the steps of cell differentiation
1) Sperm fuses with the egg to form a zygote
2) 3-4 days later the zygote becomes a morula
3) 4-5 days later the zygote becomes a blastula
Cell fate map
map that depicts how and when the zygote will specialize into different special cells
Do humans have cell fate maps
no bc there are trillions of cells in the human body
How many types of stem cells are there
3
What are the different types of stem cells
totipotent, puripotent, multipotent
toti meaning
total
pluri meaning
plural
multi meaning
multiple
potent meaning
potential
What is an example of a totipotent cell
zygote
Totipotent cells
cells that have the potential to become ANY specialized cell
Pluripotent cells
cells that have the potential to become MOST specialized cells
What is an example of a pluripotent cell
embryonic stem cell
Where do pluripotent stem cells come from?
the inner cell membrane of the blastocyst
pluripotent cells cannot become the
cells in the placenta
Placenta
tissues surrounding the embryo
What is an example of a multipotent stem cell
adult stem cells
Multipotent Stem Cells
cells that have the potential to become multiple (limited) specialized cells
What is the New stem cell research called and what does it stand for?
IPSC’s and it stands for Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
IPSC’s
a new scientific phenomena in which scientist’s can “turn back the clock” on adult stem cells (multipotent) so they become totipotent cells so embryonic stem cells will no longer be used for stem cell therapy
Stem Cell Therapy
a therapy (used for some conditions today) which uses stem cells to repair or replace badly damaged cells and tissues
What is the ethical problem behind Stem cell therapy
there is a political/ethical debate that states that using totipotent (zygotes) cells (which come from embryos) is murdering
Morula is a __ cell stage
8
What do the tissues that surround the embryo do
attach it to its mother
Stem Cells
unspecialized cells from which differentiated cells develop
What are stem cells used for
they are used to replace cells when they die
Do stem cells have a specific job
no they are undifferentiated
What is an example of a stem cell completing its function in everyday life
The intestines replace their lining every four days
