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AP Bio > The Work of Gregor Mendel > Flashcards

The Work of Gregor Mendel Flashcards

1
Q

Heredity

A

the delivery and inheritance of characteristics from parent to offspring

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2
Q

Genetics

A

scientific study of heredity

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3
Q

What is important to understanding what makes each organism unique

A

study of genetics

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4
Q

What was Mendel known as

A

“Father of Modern Genetics “

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5
Q

Was Mendel recognized while he was still alive

A

no he was recognized after death

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6
Q

What did Mendel study?

A

cross breeding (cross-fertilization) by performing biological experiments on peas in his garden and the traits of pea plants

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7
Q

Why did Mendel choose to study pea plants?

A

bc they are small, easy to grow, true breeding, and self hereditary

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8
Q

True - breeding plants

A

Organisms that will always have the same traits; throughout all generations

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9
Q

Self Hereditary

A

plants that create their own sperm

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10
Q

Model System

A

systems that are convenient to study and may tell us how other organisms, including humans actually function

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11
Q

How many characteristics did each of the 7 traits that Mendel studied have?

A

2 (ex: yellow and green —- for color )

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12
Q

What is the first generation of plants called

A

paréntis (P)
[parents in latin]

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13
Q

What is the second generation of plants called

A

Filius (F)
[sons in latin]

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14
Q

What is the third generation of plants called

A

Filius 2
(F2)

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15
Q

Fertilization

A

when male and female reproductive cells join in sexual reproduction

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16
Q

In flowers, what contains sperm

A

pollen

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17
Q

In flowers, what contains the eggs

A

pistil

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18
Q

What does the pollen in the pistil create

A

an embryo encased in a seed

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19
Q

Another term for self hereditary

A

self pollinating

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20
Q

Trait

A

a specific characteristic (height, seed, color, etc.) of an individual

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21
Q

Genes

A

factors that are passed from parent to offspring and are formed by a pair of two alternative alleles

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22
Q

Alleles

A

the different forms of genes ( T, t ) that exist in pairs

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23
Q

How many traits of pea plants did Mendel study?

A

7

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24
Q

What are the unit factors in postulate 1

A

genes

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25
Q

Test Cross

A

technique used to determine if organisms are homozygous dominant or heterozygous dominant

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26
Q

Test crosses prevent ____-_____ and utilize _____-______

A

self-pollination; cross-pollination

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27
Q

How many steps does cross pollination in plants have?

A

2

28
Q

How many parents does an offspring from cross pollination have?

A

2

29
Q

What are the steps of cross pollination?

A

1) Cut pollen-bearing parts of flower
2) Dust pollen on a different organism’s pistils

30
Q

Hybrids

A

the offspring of crosses between parents with different traits

31
Q

All of Mendel’s F1 plants had the traits of ____ parent

A

one

32
Q

Which postulate formed the current understanding of inheritance?

A

Postulate 1

33
Q

Postulate 1

A

Genetic factors (TRAITS) are controlled by unit factors (GENES) that exist in pairs (ALLELES)

34
Q

Postulate 1 is aka

A

Unit factors are formed in pairs

35
Q

Postulate 2

A

some alleles are dominant and others recessive and
dominant traits always suppress the recessive from appearing.

36
Q

What is postulate aka?

A

Dominant and Recessive

37
Q

Dominant alleles

A

alleles which trait will always be expressed if present

38
Q

Recessive alleles

A

An allele whose phenotypic effect is not observed in a heterozygote

39
Q

Why are some alleles dominant and others recessive?

A

Because dominant alleles have more proteins than recessive

40
Q

Segregation

A

separation of expression of alleles

41
Q

Why does segregation occur?

A

The alleles for the different traits separated during the formation of gametes

42
Q

At the end of segregation, each gamete carries ____ allele for each gene

A

one

43
Q

Cross fertilization

A

the fusion of male and female gametes from different individuals of the same species

44
Q

Hybridization

A

In genetics, the mating, or crossing, of two true breeding varieties (refers to organisms that produce offspring of the same variety over many generations of self-pollination).

45
Q

Gene

A

the specific trait (like pea color, length, etc. etc.)

46
Q

P

A

Parental generation

47
Q

What kind of breeding did the P generation have

A

true breeding

48
Q

F1 Generation

A

the first generation

49
Q

True breeding

A

breeding with only homozygous traits

50
Q

F2 generation

A

second generation

51
Q

How many types of alleles are there and wht are they

A

2 (dominant and recessive)

52
Q

Heterozygous

A

having two different alleles for one given gene

53
Q

Homozygous

A

having 2 identical alleles for a given gene

54
Q

Law of Segregation

A

during gamete formation, 2 ALLELES of 1 GENE will separate randomly into different gametes which means that each gamete will only get 1 ALLELE

55
Q

the law of segregation deals with what

A

one trait (one gene)

56
Q

Test Cross technique – how is it done

A

when an organism with an unknown genotype is crossed with a homozygougous recessive to see what the original genotype was

57
Q

Monohybrid

A

an organism that is heterozygous with respect to a single gene of interest (in terms of hair its Bb)

58
Q

All the offspring from a cross between parents homozygous for different alleles are ____

A

monohybrids

59
Q

dihybrid

A

organism that is heterozygous with respect to two genes of interest (length and color – TtPp)

60
Q

All the offspring from a cross between parents doubly homozygous for different alleles are _____

A

dihybrids

61
Q

Law of Indendent Assortment

A

during gamete formation, the alleles of DIFFERENT genes segregate independently of each other

62
Q

Significance of law of segregation

A

makes sure that each gamete only has one allele from a pair

63
Q

when does the law of segregation occur

A

during meiosis when the homologous chromosomes separate

64
Q

9:3:3:1

A

the phenotypic ratio that is typically ovserved in the offspring of a dihybrid cross

65
Q

What do the numbers mean in 9:3:3:1

A

9 dom/dom, 3 dom/rec, 3 rec/dom, 1 rec/rec

66
Q

Postulate 3

A

law of segregation

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