The Molecular Basis of Inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

Frederick Griffith

A

Was studying pneumococcus bacteria that produces pneumonia

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2
Q

What kind of organisms are bacteria

A

Single celled prokaryotes

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3
Q

What organism did Frederick Griffith experiment on

A

Mice

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4
Q

How many strands of a bacterial species did Frederick Griffith find 

A

2

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5
Q

What are the two types of strains that Griffith discovered

A

S train and R Strain

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6
Q

The S in s strain means

A

Smooth

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7
Q

What does the R in the R strain stand for

A

Rough

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8
Q

S strain

A

Disease causing bacteria grew into smooth colonies and culture plants

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9
Q

R strain

A

Harmless patriot that grows into rough conloies

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10
Q

Which strain of bacteria killed the mice when it was injected

A

S strain

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11
Q

How many experiments did Griffith have

A

4

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12
Q

What was Griffiths first experiment

A

Rough strain injected

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13
Q

What was Griffith second experiment

A

Smooth strain injected

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14
Q

What was Griffiths third experiment

A

He killed smooth strain injected

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15
Q

What is Griffiths fourth experiment

A

Rough strain and heat killed smooth strain

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16
Q

What happens in Griffiths first experiment

A

The mouse lives

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17
Q

What happens in Griffith second experiment

A

The mouse dies

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18
Q

What happens in Griffiths third experiment

A

The mouse lives

19
Q

What happens in the fourth experiment

A

The mouse dies

20
Q

How did Griffith kill the bacteria with heat

A

Here is the kinetic energy to break apart the strain

21
Q

Transformation

A

Process in which one strain of bacteria is changed by a gene or genes from another strain is bacteria

22
Q

What did Griffith conclude from his first and second experiment

A

The cause of pneumonia is not a toxin from the bacteria

23
Q

 what did Griffiths include from all of his experiments

A

There was a transforming factor

24
Q

Does Griffith discover with the transforming factor is

A

No

25
Q

 How does Griffiths make his final conclusion

A

He took a blood sample from experiment 4 and found live S strain in the blood

26
Q

Oswald Avery

A

Leader of a team of scientists at Rockefeller institute which did Griffiths for the experiment four more times

27
Q

What was the main goal of Oswald Avery

A

Determine which molecule in the heat killed bacteria is most important for transformation

28
Q

What is the first step of Avery’s method

A

Extracting various macromolecules (carbs,lipids, proteins, DNA) from the heat killed bacteria (each in diff steps in order to see which one would cause there to be no transformation) by hydrolyzing them with enzymes

29
Q

How many times did ever use his method

A

4

30
Q

Why did Avery repeat his method four times

A

To kill each of the four macromolecules

31
Q

What happened when Avery killed DNA

A

Transformation did not occur and the mouse did not die bc the r cells didn’t turn into s (bad) cells

32
Q

What did Avery conclude from his experiments

A

Avery concluded that the nucleic acid DNA stores and transmits genetic information from one generation of bacteria to the next

33
Q

Did Avery immediately publish his work

A

No because Avery was afraid of backlash from the scientific community because many scientist thought that proteins were the most important macromolecule

34
Q

Bacteriophage

A

A kind of virus that infects bacteria by injecting its genetic material into it

35
Q

Bacteriophages are also known as

A

Phages

36
Q

How many macromolecules make up phages

A

2

37
Q

What macromolecules make up bacteriophages

A

Proteins which make up the head and DNA which is in the head

38
Q

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

A

Studied a bacteriophage that was composed of a DNA core in a protein coat

39
Q

What is the main goal of Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

A

To determine which part of the virus - the core or coat - enter the bacteria

40
Q

How did Chase and Hershey solve their question

A

They grew viruses containing radioactive isotopes of phosphorus 32 and sulfur 35 because proteins contain almost no phosphorus and DNA contains no sulfur

41
Q

What was the purpose of the radioactive isotopes

A

The phosphorus 32 and sulfur 35 acted as markers because if they found either in the bacteria it signifies which part got injected

42
Q

DNA is also known as

A

The molecule of inheritance

43
Q

What did Hershey and chase conclude from the experiment

A

There was radioactive phosphate inside of the bacteria so they were able to conclude that DNA is the molecule of inheritance and is found in all genes

44
Q

Capsid

A

head of bacteriophage made of protein