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AP Bio > Cell Transport > Flashcards

Cell Transport Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Every living cell exists in a _____ environment

A

liquid

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2
Q

Cytoplasm is a ____

A

solution

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3
Q

Gas and liquids are called ____

A

fluids

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4
Q

In all solutions solute particles…

A

move constantly, collide with each other, and spread out randomly

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5
Q

Diffusion

A

particles that move from an area that they re not concentrated in to an area that they are not

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6
Q

What is the driving force of movement of substances across the cell membrane?

A

diffusion

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7
Q

In diffusion substances move ___ their concentration gradient

A

down

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8
Q

Example of diffusion

A

When you put sugar in cawfee, the sugar crystals disperse through it

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9
Q

Diffusion causes particles to move in and out of the cell membrane until they…

A

reach equilibrium

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10
Q

Dynamic Equilibrium

A

the idea that particles will still randomly move when the reach equilibrium (NO energy is needed)

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11
Q

How many types of diffusion are there? and what are they?

A

Three: Passive transport, facilitated diffusion, osmosis

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12
Q

Passive Transport

A

the movement of materials across the cell membrane without using cellular energy

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13
Q

In Passive transport, particles move _____ their concentration gradient. (substance moves from area of ___ concentration to an area of ____ concentration.)

A

down; higher; lower

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14
Q

What molecules can pass through the cell membrane with passive transport?

A

small and nonpolar (uncharged) molecules such as oxygen or carbon dioxide because their properties allow them to dissolve in the lipid’s environment

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15
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

the process in which molecules that cannot directly diffuse across the membrane (such as glucose and ions) pass through SPECIAL PROTEIN CHANNELS

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16
Q

Does facilitated diffusion require energy?

A

No

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17
Q

In facilitated diffusion substances move _____ their concentration gradient

A

down

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18
Q

Special protein channels aka…

A

Gated channels (which need hormones to open)

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19
Q

Osmosis

A

the facilitated diffusion of water molecules NOT solute molecules (look at example in notebook)

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20
Q

Aquaporins

A

water channel proteins needed because the lipid bilayer is hydrophobic (these are always open)

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21
Q

Isotonic

A

When equilibrium is reached with the amount of solute and water molecules “same strength”

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22
Q

Hypertonic

A

“above strength” higher concentration of solute; therefore, less water

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23
Q

Hypotonic

A

“below strength” lower concentration of the solute; therefore, more water

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24
Q

Hypotonic, Isotonic, and Hypertonic are all

A

relative terms

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25
Q

If the solution is isotonic an animal cell will be

A

normally shaped; function properly (look at nb example)

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26
Q

If the solution is isotonic a plant cell will be

A

flacid; weak b/c less water in central vacuole (look at nb example)

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27
Q

If solution is hypertonic in a plan tcell, the cells will

A

plasmolyze; die b/c central vacuole no longer supports cell wall(look at nb example)

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28
Q

If solution is hypertonic in an animal cell, the cells will

A

shrink; start to die(look at nb example)

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29
Q

If solution is hypotonic in an animal cell, the cells will

A

swell; burst and die (look at nb example)

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30
Q

If solution is hypotonic in a plant cell, the cells will

A

be healthy; normal; turgid b/c large central vacuole fully supports the cell wall (look at nb example)

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31
Q

Plasmolysis

A

cell membrane separates from cell wall due to not enough water in the central vacuole

32
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

the force that moves water in or out of cells

33
Q

Because cells contain salts, sugars, proteins, etc. they are almost always ____ to fresh water

A

hypertonic

34
Q

Because most cells are usually hypertonic to fresh water….

A

fresh water will go inside the cell, causing it to swell which can cause cells to burst

35
Q

Are cells in large organisms in danger of bursting? Why?

A

Np, because they are surrounded by isotonic fluid such as blood

36
Q

If plant cells come in contact with too much fresh water…

A

they may damage cell walls because of too much water in the central vacuole

37
Q

If cells such as eggs come in contact with too much fresh water…

A

nothing will happen to them because they have no water channels

38
Q

If bacteria cells come in contact with too much fresh water

A

nothing will happen to them because they have protective cell walls

39
Q

Active Transport

A

the movement of materials against a concentration difference which requires energy

40
Q

How many methods of active transport are there and what are they?

A

4: Protein pumps/molecular transport, bulk transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis

41
Q

Where are protein pumps found

A

in the cell membrane

42
Q

What do protein pumps transport?

A

Small molecules and ions (calcium, potassium, sodium, etc)

43
Q

Why is energy needed for protein pumps?

A

Energy usage allows protein pumps to work because they work against diffusion by concentrating substances in a certain location.

44
Q

Bulk Transport

A

process in which large molecules and solid clumps of material are transported by movements of the cell membrane

45
Q

Endocytosis

A

process of taking material INTO the cell by means of infoldings,or pockets of the cell membrane

46
Q

How does endocytosis occur?

A

1) A pocket breaks lose from outer portion of the cell membrane and forms a vesicle WITHIN the cytoplasm
2) Vesicle transports material in the cell.
(Look at model in NB)

47
Q

What can endocytosis transport

A

clumps of food, molecules, whole cells, etc.

48
Q

How many types of endocytosis are there?

A

2: phagocytosis and pinocytosis

49
Q

Phagocytosis

A

type of endocytosis in which extensions of cytoplasm surround particles and package in a vacuole and engulf it (Look at model in NB)

50
Q

Phagocytosis is aka

A

Cellular Eating

51
Q

What uses Phagocytosis?

A

white blood cells

52
Q

Pinocytosis

A

type of endocytosis in which pockets form along the cell membrane, fill with liquid, and pinch off the side to form vacuoles (look at model in NB)

53
Q

Pinocytosis is aka

A

cellular drinking

54
Q

Exocytosis

A

the process in which cells release large amounts of material

55
Q

How does exocytosis occur?

A

the membrane of a vacuole fuses with the cell membrane, forcing the contents out of the cell
(Look at model in NB)

56
Q

How do gated channels in protein pumps open?

A

Hormones bond to a hormone bonding site on the channels, opening the channel

57
Q

What type of cell transport would be best to move substances into out out of the cell quickly?

A

Active Transport

58
Q

Electrochemical gradient

A

inside of the cell is negative and the outside of the cell is positive –> so more negatively charged things want to go in and positively charged things want to go out

59
Q

What is the electrochemical gradient useful for

A

animals and plants use it to pump out ions and create an energy differential so the cell is always doing work

60
Q

electrical force

A

force created by membrane potential

61
Q

Chemical force

A

concentration gradient

62
Q

How many types of gated channels are there and what are they

A

2: volted gated ion and mechanical

63
Q

Volted gated ion channels

A

when there’s a diff concetration between two sides of the membrane and this causes stuff to go through

64
Q

Mechanical channel

A

signal receptor channels

65
Q

Are cells always doing work

A

yes

66
Q

Electrogenic pump

A

pumps that maintain the membrane potential and pump ions in out *** watch video

67
Q

examples of electrogenic pumps

A

Na+, K+, and H+ pumps **watch video

68
Q

Na+ and K+ pumps

A

pumps that pump 3 Na+ out and 1 K+ in

69
Q

H+

A

pump protons out

70
Q

Cotransport

A

pump substrates against their concentration gradient by pumping an initial substrate through the membrane and then have it simple diffuse through the membrane so that it can bring another substance with it against its concentration gradient
** watch video

71
Q

Autophagy

A

when a cell recycles its own organelles (break + build) so they are like young

72
Q

How does cotransport work

A

1) ATP actively transports a substrate into the cell
2) the substrate goes back out through simple diffusion
3) the substrate comes into the cell with another substrate that goes against its concentration diff

73
Q

Receptor mediated endocytosis

A

when there’s not a lot of substance you want so the receptors that are on the cell membrane take it and bind and then form a vesicle

74
Q

Autophagy

A

when a cell recycles its organelles (break + build) so its always like young

75
Q

Ligand

A

any substance that binds to a receptor

76
Q

Coated pits

A

the fuzzy thing outside vesicle for R-H endocytosis which tells cell HEY you should have this

77
Q

Why is receptor mediated endocytosis done

A

done bc waste of energy yto do the other one

AP Bio (67 decks)

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