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AP Bio > Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein (Transcription + RNA Processing) > Flashcards

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein (Transcription + RNA Processing) Flashcards

1
Q

RNA stands for

A

Ribonucleic acid

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2
Q

RNA is a

A

A nucleic acid that consists of a long chain of nucleotides

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3
Q

What are the differences in DNA and RNA

A
  • The sugars are different
  • RNA is generally one stranded, while DNA is usually a double helix
  • The bases are different
  • RNA had more jobs
  • There are more types of RNA
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4
Q

What is the sugar of RNA

A

Ribose (has one more oxygen than deoxyribose)

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5
Q

What is the sugar of DNA

A

Deoxyribose

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6
Q

What are the bases of DNA

A

G C A T

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7
Q

What are the bases of RNA

A

G C A U

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8
Q

How many types of RNA are there (that we learned abt)

A

3

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9
Q

What are the three types of RNA

A

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

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10
Q

mRNA is an abbreviation for

A

Messenger RNA

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11
Q

tRNA is an abbreviation for

A

Transfer RNA

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12
Q

rRNA is an abbreviation for

A

Ribosomal RNA

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13
Q

What is the job of DNA

A

Pass on genes

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14
Q

What helps enzymes differentiate between RNA and DNA?

A

The different bases which have chemical differences

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15
Q

Central dogma of biology

A

The theory that states that DNA codes for RNA and RNA codes for proteins

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16
Q

Does the central dogma of biology applied everything

A

No In reality it has many exceptions but it is the standard

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17
Q

What is RNA’s General job

A

Protein synthesis (Controls the assembly of amino acids into proteins)

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18
Q

What is the job of mRNA

A

RNA molecules that carry the complement of the DNA to ribosomes to make proteins

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19
Q

What is the job of rRNA

A

Catalyzes proteins synthesis translation and builds peptide bonds
Make subunits of ribosomes
holds ribosomal proteins in place
helps locate beginning mRNA message

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20
Q

What is the job of tRNA

A

transfer an amino acid from the cytoplasmic pool of amino acids to grow the polpeptide in a ribosome. tRNA enables translation of mRNA codon into a certain amino acid

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21
Q

What is on the top of the tRNA molecule

A

Amino acid attachment site

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22
Q

What is at the bottom of the tRNA

A

Anti-codons that pair with the bases on the mRNA molecule

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23
Q

Another name for transcription is

A

RNA synthesis

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24
Q

Where does transcription take place in eukaryotes

A

Nucleus

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25
Q

Transcription

A

Where are most of the production of RNA takes place
segments of DNA service templates to produce complementary RNA molecules

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26
Q

Where does transcription take place in prokaryotes and why

A

Cytoplasm bc they dont have a nuclear envelope

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27
Q

What enzyme is needed in transcription

A

RNA polymerase

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28
Q

RNA polymerase

A

Is similar to DNA polymerase

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29
Q

What direction does RNA polymerase work in

A

Five prime to three prime
(But the mRNA molecule works on goes from three prime to five prime)

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30
Q

How many steps are in transcription

A

2

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31
Q

What are the two steps of transcription

A

1) RNA polymerase binds to the promoter
2) The RNA polymerase separates the DNA strand and uses one strand of DNA as a template to form a complementary strand of RNA by connecting the corresponding bases

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32
Q

Promoter region

A

Regions of DNA that have specific basically says which indicates where RNA polymerase should start making RNA bc it has the starting point

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33
Q

What is the intermediate step between transcription and translation

A

RNA processing

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34
Q

In what type of cell does RNA processing take place in

A

Only eukaryotes

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35
Q

Where does RNA processing take place

A

Nucleus

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36
Q

How many steps does RNA processing have

A

3

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37
Q

What are the three steps of RNA processing

A

1) mRNA splicing
2) 5’ cap
3) poly-a-tail

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38
Q

mRNA splicing

A

Cutting out the junk mRNA created during transcription

39
Q

How many steps does mRNA splicing have

A

2

40
Q

What are the two steps of mRNA splicing

A

1) Nuclease takes away introns to make DNA legible
2) The remaining pieces of mRNA (exons) are sliced back together to form the final mRNA

41
Q

Ribonucleotide

A

Individual monomer of RNA (Nucleotides for RNA)

42
Q

Nuclease

A

Enzyme that breaks down nucleic acids into nucleotides

43
Q

Introns

A

Junk mRNA that is cut out in mRNA splicing 

44
Q

Exons

A

MRNA left behind when introns are cut out

45
Q

________ never serve as ______ but ______ can sometimes service ______

A

Introns exons exons introns 

46
Q

Introns and exons play a role in evolution because of

A

Slight changes in forms of mRNA

47
Q

During mRNA spicing mRNA is known as

A

Nuclear RNA

48
Q

5’ cap

A

Adding a tri phosphate G nucleotide in the opposite direction to the five prime end of the mRNA

49
Q

What is the purpose of the five prime cap

A

Tricks the enzyme that chops up DNA so that it doesn’t

50
Q

What is another purpose of the Five prime cap

A

It is also helpful so that ribosomes recognize the mRNA so they can attach to the mRNA for translation

51
Q

Poly means

A

Many

52
Q

The a in poly-a-tail stands for

A

Adenine

53
Q

Poly-a-tail

A

Add hundreds of adenines (unimportant nucleotides) to block Nuclease from chopping useful DNA on the three prime end

54
Q

The sequence of nucleotide bases in an mRNA molecule is a set of instruction that gives

A

The order in which amino acid should be joined to form a polypeptide chain

55
Q

what did the beedle and Tatum experience try to prove

A

tried to prove that every gene codes for a specific enzyme

56
Q

beedle and Tatum experiment

A

experiment where they worked with bread mold and exposed them to x-rays to create mutants (bad enzymes) that have diff mutations in diff genes to see what mutation causes the arginine to not grow

57
Q

What are the main steps of transcription

A

1) DNA codes for mRNA
2) RNA –> polypeptide chain

58
Q

why and what did beedle and tatum experiment

A

genes code for enzymes bc if there is no gene (bc mutation) then there is no enzyme to grow arginine

59
Q

MM stands for

A

minimal amt

60
Q

MM meaning

A

everythig (minimal) needed to grow arginine

61
Q

path of peoples beliefs of how DNA codes for life and stuff

A

1 gene : 1 enzyme –> 1 gene: 1 polypeptide –> 1 gene: 1 polypeptude chain

62
Q

how did this theory (1 gene : 1 enzyme –> 1 gene: 1 peptide –> 1 gene: 1 polypeptide chain) come to be

A

ppl discovered that proteins can be other things than enzymes and they also discovvered that a gene can code for a polyppeptide chain bc proteins can be made of multiple polypeptides

63
Q

transcription

A

the synthesis of RNA using information in DNA

64
Q

translation

A

produces mRNA. Translation is the synthesis of a polypeptide, using information in the mRNA.

65
Q

way to remember the difference between transcription and translation

A

transcript: DNA –> RNA are the same language
translate: RNA –> proteins are diff languages

66
Q

transcription overview steps

A

1) DNA –> pre-mRNA
2 )RNA processing to make mRNA
3) go to nucleus
4) mRNA–>polypeptide

67
Q

Triplet

A

DNA codes that are always written in three

68
Q

Codon

A

three consecutive mRNA bases

69
Q

pair for RNA

A

U and A
G and C

70
Q

Anticodon

A

tRNA bases which complement codons and are always in groups of three

71
Q

___ DNA bases, ___ mRNA bases, ___ tRNA = ___ amino acid

A

3,3,3,1

72
Q

genetic code

A

language of DNA, mRNA, tRNA

73
Q

How many strands are transcribed explain

A

1 strand PER GENE bc complementary DNA so the other one is js copied

** doesn’t always have to be me whole strand can js be one gene and the other strand has another gene

74
Q

Promoter region located where

A

Segment if dna before transcription unit on the 5’end

75
Q

Terminator

A

Segment of DNA where transcription stops

76
Q

Where is terminator located

A

Transcription unit

77
Q

Transcription factor proteins

A

Proteins that locate the promoter region and grab other factors and also other factors and also RNA polymerase to make the transcription initiation complex

78
Q

Termination of transcription in prokaryotes

A

RNA polymerase stops at the terminator and makes mRNA

79
Q

Termination of transcription in eukaryotes

A

RNA passes by the terminator one more time and then another TATA box and a few more bases and then it stops and makes mRNA

80
Q

Ribozyme

A

RNA catalysts (like how enzymes are protein catalysts) that they catalyze their own reactions

81
Q

snRNA

A

Small nuclear RNA

82
Q

One gene codes for on polypeptide chain. True or false

A

False can be multiple

83
Q

Spliceosome

A

they have snRNPs tat recognize the introns so they know where to cut the DNA and then they also stick the exons together

84
Q

transcription factor

A

DNA binding proteins that control the expression of genes

85
Q

what is the part of the snRNP that recognizes the intro

A

the RNA

86
Q

TATA box

A

short region of DNA that is located about 20 - 30 base pairs away from the start gene containing the sequence TATATA…. or TATAAAAA….

87
Q

what is the function of the TATA box

A

binds a protein that helps position RNA polymerase by marking a point just before the beginning of a gene

88
Q

examples of transcription factor

A

the one that recognizes the TATA box

89
Q

transcription initiation complex

A

its a thingie thats made of transcription factors and RNA polymerase that binds to the promoter region to start transcription

90
Q

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

A

an enzyme that joins each amino acid to the appropriate tRNA; theres a diff one for each amino acid

91
Q

what is aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase powered by

A

ATP

92
Q

what is protein synthesis powereed by

A

hydrolyzation of GTP

93
Q

translation initiation complex

A

Consists of mRNA, tRNA (holding the first amino acid of the polypeptide), the small ribosomal subunit, and the attachment of a large ribosomal subunit.

AP Bio (68 decks)

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