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AP Bio > 14.1 Human Chromosomes > Flashcards

14.1 Human Chromosomes Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Genome

A

the full set of genetic information that an organism/species carries in it DNA

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2
Q

Kartyotype

A

a micrograph that shows the complete diploid set of chromosomes, grouped together in homologous chromosomes, arranged in order of decreasing size

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3
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

2 of the 46 chromosomes in the human genome that determine the sex of the organism – 2 types

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4
Q

The study of any genome starts with

A

Chromosomes

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5
Q

How many chromosomes (arranged in pairs) are in a typical human karyotype

A

46

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6
Q

What are the 2 types of sex chromosomes

A

X and Y

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7
Q

What are the sex chromosomes of females?

A

X and X

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8
Q

What are the sex chromosomes of males?

A

X and Y

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9
Q

The chance of having a male/female offspring is 50:50 because

A

The sperm cells have a 50:50 chance of carrying the X or Y chromosome

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10
Q

All human egg cells carry __ ____ chromosome

A

1 X

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11
Q

___ of sperm cells carry a _ chromosome and the other __ chromosome

A

half, X, Y

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12
Q

There are more than _____ genes found on the X chromosome

A

1200

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13
Q

What is smaller the X or Y chromosome

A

Y

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14
Q

The Y chromosome contains about ____ genes

A

140

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15
Q

What are most of the genes of the Y chromosome for

A

male sex determination and sperm development

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16
Q

Autosomal Chromosomes are also know as

A

autosomes

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17
Q

autosomal chromosomes

A

remaining chromosomes (not sex )

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18
Q

how many autosomal chromosomes are there

A

44

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19
Q

Mendelian patterns of Inheritance show

A

how human genes are inherited

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20
Q

How many ways are human traits transferred

A

3

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21
Q

What are the three methods of transmission of human traits

A

simple dominance
codominance
sex-linked

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22
Q

Simple dominance

A

follow recessive and dominant allele rules

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23
Q

What are some examples of traits that follow simple dominance

A

Hair/skin color, Rh blood group, Cleft chin, widow’s peak

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24
Q

Rh blood group is aka

A

Rhesus factor

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25
Q

How many forms does Rh have

A

2

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26
Q

What are the two forms of Rh

A

Rh+ and Rh-

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27
Q

Which form of Rh is dominant and which is recessive?

A

Rh+ is dominant and Rh- is recessive

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28
Q

What are some examples of traits that follow codominant inheritance

A

ABO blood group

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29
Q

ABO blood group is determined by

A

a gene with three alleles (IA, IB, and i)

30
Q

What alleles in the ABO blood group gene are codominant

A

IA and IB

31
Q

Because IA and IB are codominant what do they produce

A

Blood type AB, in which both A and B antigens are produced on the surface of red blood cells

32
Q

Antigens

A

proteins that are antibody generators that tell white blood cells what to do and create antibodies

33
Q

The i allele is

A

recessive

34
Q

What antigens does Type A blood produce?

A

A

35
Q

What antigens does Type B blood produce?

A

B

36
Q

What antigens does Type O blood produce?

A

None

37
Q

What antigens does Type AB blood produce?

A

A and b

38
Q

What antibodies are present for Type A blood

A

Anti B

39
Q

What antibodies are present for Type B blood

A

Anti A

40
Q

What antibodies are present for Type AB blood

A

None

41
Q

What antibodies are present for Type O blood

A

Anti A and Anti B

42
Q

What blood type is the universal acceptor?

A

AB+

43
Q

What blood type is the Universal Donor

A

O-

44
Q

Can positive blood receive negative blood?

A

yes

45
Q

Can negative blood receive positive blood?

A

no

46
Q

What are some examples of traits that follow sex linkage

A

Red-GreenColor Blindness and Hemophilia

47
Q

Sex linked gene

A

gene located on a sex chromosome (X or Y)

48
Q

Red-Green Color Blindness and Hemophilia are more common in

A

males

49
Q

Why is red-green color blindness more common in males

A

bc the color vision genes are located on the X chromosome

50
Q

Barr Body

A

(methylated X chromosome) A dense region in the nucleus that is formed when one of the X chromosomes of a female is randomly turned off during X-Chromosome inactivation

51
Q

Why are Barr Bodies created?

A

bc females have an extra X chromosome

52
Q

X-Chromosome Inactivation

A

the process of randomly switching off one of the X chromosomes of females because they have an extra

53
Q

How does X Chromosome Inactivation happen?

A

Covering the nucleotides of the sex chromosome with molecules, so RNA polymerase cannot get to it

54
Q

X Chromosome inactivation only occurs in

A

females

55
Q

What is an example of how X Chromosome Inactivation is shown phenotypically?

A

Female Calico cats generally have more colorful coats

56
Q

Why do female calico cats generally have more colorful coats?

A

the gene that controls the color of coat spots is located on the X chromosome. If a female cat is already heterozygous for coat spot color it will have two different coat spot colors. Then, during X Chromosome Inactivation the other chromosome is turned on and off which may or may not give the cat a third coat spot color

57
Q

Pedigree

A

a chart that shows whether a trait is caused by a dominant or recessive allele. Shows the presence or absence of a trait according to the relationship between parents, siblings, and offspring

58
Q

What organisms can use pedigrees

A

all

59
Q

In pedigrees, circles represent

A

females

60
Q

In pedigrees, squares represent

A

males

61
Q

In pedigrees, a vertical line and a bracket connects

A

parents to children/siblings

62
Q

In pedigrees, non shaded shapes represent

A

no expression of trait

63
Q

In pedigrees, shaded shapes represent

A

expression of trait

64
Q

In pedigrees, horizontal lines between males and females represent

A

mating

65
Q

In pedigrees, half shaded, half not shaded shapes represent

A

Heterozygous for trait or could be one of two genotypes - no way of knowing for sure

66
Q

In pedigrees people are determined with

A

Roman numerals

67
Q

How do Roman numerals determine people in a pedigree

A

Upper case Roman numeral of row - lower case roman numeral of person in row

68
Q

Pedigrees allow us to infer _____ of family members

A

genotypes

69
Q

B lymphocyte

A

(B-cell) cells that recognize an antigen and clump the blood up if it is not compatible to the blood type

70
Q

Who discovered sex linked genes

A

Thomas Morgan

71
Q

What did Thomas Morgan study

A

fruit flies

72
Q

How did Thomas Morgan discover sex linked gene

A

He realized that there are no F2 females with white-eye color

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