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AP Bio > Carbon and Molecular Diversity of Life > Flashcards

Carbon and Molecular Diversity of Life Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Organic Chemistry

A

the study of compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms

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2
Q

Inorganic Chemistry

A

the study of all other compounds that do not include carbon

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3
Q

Why is carbon so important?

A

1) Carbon has four valence electrons -> it can form strong covalent bonds with many other elements.
2) Carbon can bond with carbon
3) Carbon is extremely versatile and can bond in many ways and in many shapes
4) Carbon makes up all life

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4
Q

Macromolecule

A

(very big polymer) Giant molecules, which are made up of thousands of smaller molecules. Make up most organic compounds on living cells. They are sorted into groups by chemical compounds.

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5
Q

How are macromolecules formed?

A

through polymerization

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6
Q

What is polymerization?

A

the process by which smaller compounds are joined toegther to make larger ones

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7
Q

Smaller compounds that join together to form larger ones are called….

A

monomers

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8
Q

What do monomers form?

A

polymers

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9
Q

The monomers in a polymer must always be identical.
(True or False)

A

False; they can be different or identical

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10
Q

How many major groups are the macromolecules sorted into?

A

4

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11
Q

What are the major groups that macromolecules are sorted into?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins

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12
Q

What are carbohydrates made of?

A

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms usually in a ratio of 1:2:1
(Ex: [CH2O]n) {little n is a variable that represents a number between 3-8, which you can plug into the 1:2:1 ratio}

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13
Q

What is the purpose of carbohydrates?

A

Carbohydrates are the secondary source of energy of living things; some organisms (such as plants) use them for structural purposes; some use for storage of energy

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14
Q

What are the two categories of carbohydrates?

A

Simple sugars and complex carbohydrates

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15
Q

How are carbohydrates formed?

A

Through dehydration synthesis

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16
Q

What are simple sugars?

A

monosaccharides such as glucose, galactose, fructose, etc.

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17
Q

Monosaccharides

A

single sugar molecules
(Ex: Glucose)

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18
Q

Disaccharides

A

compound made by 2 simple sugars
(Ex: sucrose)

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19
Q

What are complex carbohydrates?

A

(aka polysaccharides) large macromolecules formed from Monosaccharides

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20
Q

Examples of complex carbohydrates

A

starch, glycogen, cellulose

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21
Q

Starch

A

formed when glucose molecules join together in long chains

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22
Q

Isomer

A

Elements with the same number/type of atoms, but different chemical formulas –> same molecular formula, diff structure

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23
Q

Glycogen

A

(aka animal starch) long chains of glucose where animals store excess sugar.

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24
Q

Cellulose

A

structural polysaccharides that give plants their strength and rigidity

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25
Q

What are lipids

A

a large and varied group of biological molecules that is usually not soluble in water. l only macromolecule not made of monomers l fat molecule l can be used to store energy and are an important part of membranes, waterproof coverings, fats, oils,and waxes

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26
Q

How are lipids formed?

A

Through dehydration synthesis

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27
Q

What are lipids made of?

A

Made of glycerol and fatty acids (carbon and hydrogen atoms)

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28
Q

Saturated

A

If there is a maximum number of hydrogen atoms in a lipid –> these lipids are solid at room temperature and are common in land animals

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29
Q

Unsaturated

A

If there is one carbon-carbon bound in a fatty acid –> these lipids are liquid at room temperature because of the carbon-carbon double bond –> most common in aquatic animals

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30
Q

What is more healthy saturated or unsaturated fats?

A

Unsaturated fats

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31
Q

Polyunsatured

A

If there is more than one carbon carbon double-bond

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32
Q

Why do lipids not dissolve in water?

A

They are non polar

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33
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

(aka polynucleotides) macromolecules that store and transmit hereditary information

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34
Q

What are nucleic acids made of?

A

Contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus –> made from monomers called nucleotides (which in turn consists of three parts)

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35
Q

What are the three different parts of a nucleotide?

A

Phosphate Group, 5-carbon sugar, and nitrogenous base

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36
Q

How are nucleic acids formed?

A

when nucleotides covalently bond

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37
Q

How many types of nucleic acids are there?

A

2

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38
Q

What are the different types of nucleic acids?

A

RNA (ribonucleic acids) and DNA (deoxyribonucleic acids)

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39
Q

How are nucleic acids formed?

A

Through dehydration synthesis

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40
Q

What are the nitrogenous bonds held together by?

A

Hydrogen Bonds

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41
Q

Proteins

A

functional macromolecules that contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (one of the most diverse kind of macromolecules)

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42
Q

What are proteins made of?

A

monomers –> amino acids
amino acids assembled into polypepdite chains

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43
Q

Amino Acids Structure

A

compounds with an amino group (-NH2) on one end, a carboxyl group (-COOH) on the other end, a carbon atom in the center, a hydrogen atom on one side, and an R-group on the other

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44
Q

How are amino acids bonded together?

A

covalently bonded through bonds called pepdite bonds

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45
Q

Polypepdite

A

formed when MANY amino acids pepdite bond

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46
Q

What do proteins do?

A

Some proteins control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes; others form important cellular structures; others transport substances into or out of cells to help or fight disease

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47
Q

More than ___ different amino acids are found in nature

A

20

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48
Q

Examples of amino acids found in nature

A

enzymes, hormones

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49
Q

How are the polypepdite chains in proteins assembled?

A

According to instructions in DNA

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50
Q

How many levels of organization does an amino acid have?

A

4

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51
Q

What is the first level of structure of an amino acid?

A

1) Primary - Sequence of amino acids

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52
Q

How many ways can polypepdite chains coil/fold and what are they?

A

2: in a zig-zag way and in curly way

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53
Q

The ___ of an amino acid always stays the same while the ___ changes

A

backbone (which consists of the carboxyl group, amino group, carbon atom, and hydogen atom); R-Group

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54
Q

All amino acids are identical except for at the ___

A

R -Group (which all are unique because they can be polar, nonpolar, acidic, basic, etc.)

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55
Q

What causes amino acids ability to bond?

A

Any amino acid can form to any carboxyl group because they are all the same

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56
Q

How are amino acids formed?

A

Through dehydration synthesis

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57
Q

Dehydration Synthesis

A

to put together macromolecules by losing water. This is possible because by losing H20 you are linking two monomers together
(look at model in notebook)

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58
Q

Hydrolysis (Digestion)

A

to separate with the addition of water. This is possible because when water is added to a large organic molecule, one monomer will take the OH- and the other will take the H+, creating two monomers.

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59
Q

Mass number

A

total number of protons and neutrons in nucleus

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60
Q

Difference between deoxyribose and ribose

A

deoxy has one less oxygen molecule

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61
Q

DNA bases

A

A G C T

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62
Q

RNA bases

A

A G C U

63
Q

What is the main function of proteins?

A

they don’t have one

64
Q

Carbohydrates molecules

A

C H O

65
Q

Lipids molecules

A

C H O

66
Q

Proteins molecules

A

C H O N

67
Q

Nucleic Acids molecules

A

C H O N P

68
Q

Organic compounds

A

(most of the) chemical compounds in living organisms which have a carbon skeleton surrounded by H+ and other elements

69
Q

Inorganic Compounds

A

molecules that do not include Carbon

70
Q

Carbohydrate ratio

A

1:2:1
C:H:O

71
Q

Carb formula

A

CnH2nOn or (CH2O)n

72
Q

Saccharide means

A

sugar

73
Q

Mono, di, poly refers to what

A

of sugars

74
Q

How many classes of organic compounds are there

A

4

75
Q

What are the 4 classes of organic compounds

A

1) Nucleic Acids
2) Lipids
3) Carbohydrates
4) Proteins

76
Q

Polymers

A

building blocks

77
Q

Monomers

A

individual building blocks of polymers

78
Q

Examples of monosaccharides

A

glucose
fructose
galactose
ribose
deoxyribose

79
Q

Fructose

A

common sugar in fruits

80
Q

glucose

A

product of cellular respiration; important for energy; etc.

81
Q

Fructose and Glucose chemical structures

A

Rings or straight

82
Q

How are glucose and fructose similar

A

they are isomers, so they have the same chemical formula but different structures
(main difference is functional groups)

83
Q

What happens when two monosaccharides join together

A

one of the OH bonds on one monosaccharide adds to the H of the other monosaccharide, forming water and a dissacharide

84
Q

Examples of dissacharides

A

maltose
sucrose
lactose

85
Q

Glycosidic Linkage

A

the bond formed when two monosaccharides undergo dehydration synthesis and water and a disaccharide are formed (only for carbs)

86
Q

Polysaccharides consist of what

A

branched or unbranched chains of monosaccharides

87
Q

Examples of polysaccharides

A

starch
cellulose
glycogen
Chitin

88
Q

glycogen and starch main purpose

A

storage molecules (store sugar)

89
Q

Polysaccharide

A

repeated units of monosaccharides

90
Q

Monosaccharides

A

the simplest units of carbohydrates and the simplest form of sugar

91
Q

Chitin

A

structural molecule in the walls of fungus and in the exoskeleton of arthropods

92
Q

Amino Acid

A

organic molecules that serve as the building blocks of proteins

93
Q

R group aka

A

side chain

94
Q

In what ways can the R groups of amino acids be different

A

they can differ in composition, polarity, charge, and shape

95
Q

What are the different shapes of the R group

A

long chain
short chain
ring

96
Q

What are the different types of amino acids

A

hydrophobic
hydrophilic
ionic

97
Q

What is the polarity and charge of hydrophobic amino acids

A

non polar
neutral

98
Q

What is the polarity and charge of hydrophilic amino acids

A

polar
neutral

99
Q

What is the polarity and charge of ionic amino acids

A

polar
charged

100
Q

Dipeptide

A

when two amino acids join and the carboxyl group of one amino acid combines with the amino group of another amino acid through dehydration synthesis

101
Q

What is the second level of structure of an amino acid

A

2) Secondary - Folding/coiling of the polypepdite chain

102
Q

Secondary Structures

A

shapes formed in the second level of structure of an amino acid
coil (alpha helix)
zigzagging pattern (beta-pleated sheets)

103
Q

What is the third level of structure of the amino acid

A

3)Tertiary - Complete, 3-dimensional arrangement of the polypepdite chain

104
Q

Example of amino acid quartenary structure

A

hemoglobin

105
Q

What is the fourth level of structure of the amino acid

A

4) Quaternary - (only for proteins with more than one chain) way different polypepdites are arranged in respect to one another

106
Q

Hydrophobic amino acids and regions are usually found on the ___ (interior/exterior) of proteins

A

interior

107
Q

Hydrophylic amino acids and regions of the peptide chain are usually found on the ___ (interior/exterior) of proteins

A

exterior

108
Q

Hemologibin is formed when ___ separate polypetide chains interact with each other

A

4

109
Q

Chaperone proteins

A

proteins that help other proteins fold properly and efficiently

110
Q

Examples of lipids

A

steroids
phospholipids
triglycerides
cholesterol

111
Q

Cholesterol jobs

A

increase membrane fluidity (when cold), holds membrane together (when hot), makes hormones, and Vitamin D

112
Q

What is the bond that links lipids

A

ester bonds

113
Q

Stanley Miller Experiment

A

concluded that complex molecules such as amino acids, hydrocarbons, etc. can be made from inorganic materials (try to replicate first life) inorganic molecules can make organic molecules because they found amino acids

114
Q

Valence

A

the number of e- atoms will share when bonding

115
Q

Hydrocarbon

A

compounds made by H and C (organic molecules)

116
Q

Valence by H

A

1

117
Q

Valence of oxygen

A

2

118
Q

Valence of nitrogen

A

3

119
Q

Valence of carbon

A

4

120
Q

Structural Formula

A

shows atoms and their bonds in a molecule

121
Q

What are the different types of isomers

A

structural
geometric
enantiomer

122
Q

Structural Isomer

A

same molecular formula diff covalent arrangements

123
Q

Example of structural isomer

A

same molecular formula but one is branched and the other one is straight

124
Q

Geometric Isomer

A

carbons have covalent bonds to the same atoms, but diff spatial arrangements bc of double bond (COILS in the models)

125
Q

Types of geometric isomers

A

cis and trans

126
Q

Cis geometric isomers

A

the same atoms are bonded to the same side of the double bond on the bow tie structure

127
Q

trans geometric isomers

A

the same atoms are bonded on opposite sides of the double bond in the bow tie structure

128
Q

Enantiomer

A

isomers that are mirror images of each other and differ in shape because of an asymmetric carbon
** imagine ball and stick model = like a hand

129
Q

Asymmetric Carbon

A

carbon atom that is bonded to four different types of atoms or groups of atoms

130
Q

Functional Groups

A

chemical groups that are responsible for specific chemical reactions

131
Q

How many biological functional molecules are there and what are they

A

7
hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, methyl

132
Q

Hydroxyl group

A

recognize from (-OH), polar bc EN O2 helps dissolve sugar

133
Q

Carbonyl group

A

sugars with ketone groups; there are two types: ketose and aldose recognize by ( C=O)

134
Q

Ketose

A

the carbonyl group is anywhere but the end of the structural formula of the sugar

135
Q

Aldose

A

sugars with aldehydes are called aldoses and their carbonyl group is always on the end of the structural formula

136
Q

Carboxyl group

A

acts as an acid bc donates H+; polar bond between O and H (recognize bc -COOH)

137
Q

Amino group

A

acts as an acid bc accepts H+ from surrounding solution (recognize by -NH2)

138
Q

Sulfhydryl group

A

2 SH groups reach to form a cross link to stabilize protein structure (recognize from -SH)

139
Q

Phosphate group

A

gives neg charge to compounds + release energy (recognize bc -OPO3 -2)

140
Q

Methyl group

A

affects gene expression when on DNS or on proteins bound to DNA, affect shape and function of sex hormones (recognize from -CH3)

141
Q

Carb Ratio

A

1 : 2 : 1
C H O

142
Q

Carb formula

A

CnH2nOn or (CH2O)n

143
Q

Glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose are related to each other how

A

isomers of each othr

144
Q

What elements are found in lipids

A

CHO

145
Q

What elements are found in carbs

A

CHO

146
Q

What elements are founds in nucleic acids

A

CHONP

147
Q

What elements are found in proteins

A

CHONS

148
Q

What base pairs go together for DNA

A

A and T
C and G

149
Q

In carbs what do the prefixes mono, di, and poly refer to

A

the number of sugars

150
Q

Saccharide means

A

sugar

151
Q

Purpose of polysaccharides

A

storage and structure – to be broken down for energy

152
Q

Examples of polysaccharides

A

starch, cellulose, glycogen, chitin

153
Q

Dipeptide

A

when 2 amino acids bond through a peptide bond

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