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AP Bio > 13.9, onwards Evolutionary Problems > Flashcards

13.9, onwards Evolutionary Problems Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Population

A

a group of individuals belonging to one species that live in the same area and can inbreed

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2
Q

Gene Pool

A

all of the genes/alleles in a population

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3
Q

Allele Frequency

A

the percentage of an allele that exists in a population

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4
Q

Evolution is aka

A

microevolution

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5
Q

Microevolution

A

change in the frequency of alleles in a population over time

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6
Q

How many causes are there for Evolutionary Change

A

3

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7
Q

What are the 3 causes for Evolutionary Change

A

natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow

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8
Q

Genetic Drift

A

the change in the frequency of alleles in a population over a period of time due to chance

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9
Q

How many types of genetic drift are there

A

2

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10
Q

What are the 2 types of genetic drift

A

1) Bottleneck effect
2) Founder Effect

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11
Q

Bottleneck Effect

A

genetic drift by chance ~ completely random

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12
Q

What is an example of the bottleneck effect

A

natural disasters

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13
Q

founder effect

A

when individuals in a population end up in a different area (uninhabited by that population) by chance and they are successful and reproduce

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14
Q

How did Darwin explain the finches on the Galapagos Islands

A

founder effect

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15
Q

What is an example of the founder effect

A

invasive species

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16
Q

Gene Flow

A

the transfer of alleles from one population to another as a result of the movement of individuals or their gametes

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17
Q

Genetic Equilibrium

A

when the frequency of alleles doesn’t change over a period of time

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18
Q

what is the opposite of genetic equilibirum

A

evolution

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19
Q

Who discovered genetic equilibirum

A

Hardy and Weinberg

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20
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

A

if all Hardy-Weinberg conditions are met then there will be no change in frequency of alleles over a period of time

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21
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Principle is about _____ not ______

A

genes;populations

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22
Q

What are the Hardy-Weinberg Conditions

A
  1. random mating
  2. large population size
  3. no immigration or emigration
  4. no mutations
  5. no natural selection
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23
Q

How many Hardy-Weinberg conditions are there

A

5

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24
Q

Random mating

A

mating without choice, not because of attraction etc.

25
Q

large population size

A

need an “infinitely” large population (large is relative to population size )

26
Q

How many Hardy-Weinberg equations are there

A

2

27
Q

What are the Hardy-Weinberg equations

A

Allele frequency equation and genotype frequency equation

28
Q

Allele frequency Equation

A

p + q = 1

29
Q

Genotype Frequency Equation

A

p² + 2pq + q² = 1

30
Q

What does the p stand for in the allele frequency equation

A

the frequency of the dominant allele

31
Q

What does the q stand for in the genotype frequency equation

A

frequency of the recessive allele

32
Q

What does the p² stand for in the genotype frequency equation

A

frequency of homozygous dominant genotype

33
Q

What does the 2pq stand for in the genotype frequency equation

A

frequency of the heterozygous genotype

34
Q

What does the q² stand for in the genotype frequency equation

A

frequency of homozygous recessive genotype

35
Q

Single Gene traits

A

traits controlled by a single gene

36
Q

Polygenic traits

A

traits that are controlled by more than one gene which creates more variation because there are more possible combinations

37
Q

Natural selection on single gene traits

A

people with the more benificial trait will reproduce and make more organisms with that trait

38
Q

What kind of graph does natural selection on single gene traits have

A

standard one up one down

39
Q

Natural Selection on Polygenic traits

A

there is a high amount of beneficial traits, lower not so beneficial

40
Q

How many types of Natural Selection on Polygenic traits are there

A

3

41
Q

What are the 3 types of Natural Selection on Polygenic traits

A

1) Stabilizing Selection
2) Directional Selection
3) Disruptive Selection

42
Q

Stabilizing Selection

A

changes in environment where different organisms are fit

43
Q

Disruptive selection is aka

A

diversifying selection

44
Q

Stablizing Selection is more likely to create

A

a different species

45
Q

all Natural Selection on Polygenic traits graphs are

A

bell curved

46
Q

Sexual Selection

A

whne organisms select their mates based on certain characteristics

47
Q

How many types of sexual selection are there

A

2

48
Q

What are the 2 types of sexual selection

A

Intrasexual and Intersexual

49
Q

Sexual Dimorphism

A

there is a clear difference between male and female structures

50
Q

Intersexual Selection

A

female chooses male based on characteristics

51
Q

Intrasexual Selection

A

males fight and the better/stronger male gets the female

52
Q

do males actually fight in intrasexual selection

A

no, usually thye just size each other up bc fighting causes pain

53
Q

Evolution of drug resistant microorganisms

A

there are antibiotic resistant bacteria that are killed if you take antibiotics bc they kill the weaker bacteria which allow the already antibiotic bacteria to thrive

54
Q

Balancing Selection

A

if there is no trait that is more beneficial than another, there will be a balance of the traits

55
Q

Balancing Selection is aka

A

balance polymorphism

56
Q

Heterozygote Advantage

A

its better to be heterozygous for a trait rather than homozygous recessive/dominant

57
Q

What are some examples of heterozygote advantage

A

sickle cell disease

58
Q

Can natural selection fashion perfect organisms

A

no bc if the body is good at one thing, it will lose another factor

59
Q

Darwin used the practice of _______________ to gain insight into his ideas about a mechanism for descent with modification.

A

artificial selection

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