15.2 Recombinant DNA Flashcards
Today’s genetic engineers can _____ _____ ______ _____ _____ __ _____ Which is more efficient than breeders using mutagens
Transfer of genes from one organism to another
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Technique that scientists use to make copies of a gene
How many steps are there to PCR
4
What are the four steps to polymerase chain reaction
1) at both ends of the DNA of primer is added
2) DNA is heated which separates the strand
3) as DNA cools primers bind to the single strands
4) DNA polymerase copies the regions between the primers
At what temperature is DNA heated in polymerase chain reaction to separate the DNA strand
94 to 96 Celsius
What temperature does DNA cool at in polymers chain reaction to bind The primers to the single strands
55°C
Who experiments w/ used recombinant DNA
Griffith
Combining DNA fragments
Genetic engineering that creates custom-made DNA molecules that can be distributed into genes of living cells
Recombinant DNA
DNA made of DNA from more than one different organisms
How is recombinant DNA made
1) DNA synthesizers create DNA sequences with a gene/genes you want to insert into a cell
2) synthetic DNA can be added to natural pieces of DNA using DNA ligase or other enzyme that splice DNA together to form recombinant DNA
DNA synthesizers
Machines that produced DNA sequences several hundred base pairs Long In length
Plasmid
Small circular DNA molecules that some bacteria have
Extra DNA that contains accessory genes
Plasmids are widely used in studying
Recombinant DNA
Why are plasmids widely used been studying recombinant DNA
Because when they are added to recombinant DNA they can replicate the new DNA along with the whole genome AND because they contain a start signal
Ori
(origin of replication) Replication start signal found in most plasmids that’s also ensures DNA goes into the bacteria cell
How is bacteria transformed using recombinant plasmids
1) Restriction enzyme cuts plasmid and DNA from human cell and is bonded to the plasmid with sticky ends
What was the problem scientists discovered with working with recombinant DNA
Many of the DNA molecules they tried to enter into her cell simply vanished because they stopped and did not copy or replicate the added DNA
How did scientists Initially fix the problem of recombinant DNA not being replicated with the rest of the genome
They added another piece of DNA containing a replication start signal
Genetic marker
A Gene makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that carry the plasmid from those that don’t
Transgenic organism
DNA that is moved into another organism which creates GMOS
GMOs
genetically modified organisms
Cisgenic Organism
DNA from the same species transferred to an organism of the same species
Where is there more controversy about GMOs, with animals or plants?
animals
Cloning
creating genetically exact copies of an organism
Plasmids are also found in ________ so they can also be transformed by recombinant DNA
yeasts
Genetic Markers
a gene that makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that carry the plasmid from those that don’t
How do you tell normal bacteria cells from bacteria cells with recombinant DNA
1) The bacteria cell with the recombinant DNA (antibiotic resistance gene) Is put into a petri dish with antibiotic and normal bacteria cells
2) The normal bacteria cells will die because they do not have their antibiotic resistance seen in the bacteria cells but the recombinant DNA will be alive
Example of a Genetic Marker
gene for antibiotic resistance
The _______ _____ _____ makes it possible to make transgenic organisms
universal genetic code
How are transgenic organisms created?
Transgenic organisms are created by inserting recombinant DNA into the host organism OR
by taking up other cells DNA when their cells are broken down (done in a culture) OR
DNA injected into a cell
Clone
Members of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell
Cloning uses a single_____ from a(n) ______ ______ to grow a new individual that is genetically identical to the organism that I was taken from
Cell, adult organism
What organisms are is easy to clone
Bacteria
How does cloning happen
1) nucleus of an unfertilized egg is removed
2) The egg cells use the daughter cell that contains a nucleus taken from an adult
3) Resulting diploid egg develops into an embryo
4) Embryos implanted in the uterine wall of the foster mother where develops until birth
