15.2 Recombinant DNA

Question 1

Today’s genetic engineers can _____ _____ ______ _____ _____ __ _____ Which is more efficient than breeders using mutagens

Answer 1

Transfer of genes from one organism to another

Question 2

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Answer 2

Technique that scientists use to make copies of a gene

Question 3

How many steps are there to PCR

Answer 3

4

Question 4

What are the four steps to polymerase chain reaction

Answer 4

1) at both ends of the DNA of primer is added
2) DNA is heated which separates the strand
3) as DNA cools primers bind to the single strands
4) DNA polymerase copies the regions between the primers

Question 5

At what temperature is DNA heated in polymerase chain reaction to separate the DNA strand

Answer 5

94 to 96 Celsius

Question 6

What temperature does DNA cool at in polymers chain reaction to bind The primers to the single strands

Answer 6

55°C

Question 7

Who experiments w/ used recombinant DNA

Answer 7

Griffith

Question 8

Combining DNA fragments

Answer 8

Genetic engineering that creates custom-made DNA molecules that can be distributed into genes of living cells

Question 9

Recombinant DNA

Answer 9

DNA made of DNA from more than one different organisms

Question 10

How is recombinant DNA made

Answer 10

1) DNA synthesizers create DNA sequences with a gene/genes you want to insert into a cell
2) synthetic DNA can be added to natural pieces of DNA using DNA ligase or other enzyme that splice DNA together to form recombinant DNA

Question 11

DNA synthesizers

Answer 11

Machines that produced DNA sequences several hundred base pairs Long In length

Question 12

Plasmid

Answer 12

Small circular DNA molecules that some bacteria have
Extra DNA that contains accessory genes

Question 13

Plasmids are widely used in studying

Answer 13

Recombinant DNA

Question 14

Why are plasmids widely used been studying recombinant DNA

Answer 14

Because when they are added to recombinant DNA they can replicate the new DNA along with the whole genome AND because they contain a start signal

Question 15

Ori

Answer 15

(origin of replication) Replication start signal found in most plasmids that’s also ensures DNA goes into the bacteria cell

Question 16

How is bacteria transformed using recombinant plasmids

Answer 16

1) Restriction enzyme cuts plasmid and DNA from human cell and is bonded to the plasmid with sticky ends

Question 17

What was the problem scientists discovered with working with recombinant DNA

Answer 17

Many of the DNA molecules they tried to enter into her cell simply vanished because they stopped and did not copy or replicate the added DNA

Question 18

How did scientists Initially fix the problem of recombinant DNA not being replicated with the rest of the genome

Answer 18

They added another piece of DNA containing a replication start signal

Question 19

Genetic marker

Answer 19

A Gene makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that carry the plasmid from those that don’t

Question 20

Transgenic organism

Answer 20

DNA that is moved into another organism which creates GMOS

Question 21

GMOs

Answer 21

genetically modified organisms

Question 22

Cisgenic Organism

Answer 22

DNA from the same species transferred to an organism of the same species

Question 23

Where is there more controversy about GMOs, with animals or plants?

Answer 23

animals

Question 24

Cloning

Answer 24

creating genetically exact copies of an organism

Question 25

Plasmids are also found in ________ so they can also be transformed by recombinant DNA

Answer 25

yeasts

Question 26

Genetic Markers

Answer 26

a gene that makes it possible to distinguish bacteria that carry the plasmid from those that don’t

Question 27

How do you tell normal bacteria cells from bacteria cells with recombinant DNA

Answer 27

1) The bacteria cell with the recombinant DNA (antibiotic resistance gene) Is put into a petri dish with antibiotic and normal bacteria cells
2) The normal bacteria cells will die because they do not have their antibiotic resistance seen in the bacteria cells but the recombinant DNA will be alive

Question 28

Example of a Genetic Marker

Answer 28

gene for antibiotic resistance

Question 29

The _______ _____ _____ makes it possible to make transgenic organisms

Answer 29

universal genetic code

Question 30

How are transgenic organisms created?

Answer 30

Transgenic organisms are created by inserting recombinant DNA into the host organism OR
by taking up other cells DNA when their cells are broken down (done in a culture) OR
DNA injected into a cell

Question 31

Clone

Answer 31

Members of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell

Question 32

Cloning uses a single_____ from a(n) ______ ______ to grow a new individual that is genetically identical to the organism that I was taken from

Answer 32

Cell, adult organism

Question 33

What organisms are is easy to clone

Answer 33

Bacteria

Question 34

How does cloning happen

Answer 34

1) nucleus of an unfertilized egg is removed
2) The egg cells use the daughter cell that contains a nucleus taken from an adult
3) Resulting diploid egg develops into an embryo
4) Embryos implanted in the uterine wall of the foster mother where develops until birth