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AP Bio > USE FOR 18 (13.4) > Flashcards

USE FOR 18 (13.4) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Bacteria and other prokaryotes need to transcribe all of their genes at the same time (True or False)

A

false

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2
Q

what is regulating gene expression

A

only using genes necessary for the cell to function

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3
Q

enzyme activity regulation aka

A

feedback inhibition

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4
Q

DNA binding proteins in prokaryotes regulate genes by controlling

A

transcription

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5
Q

enzyme activity regulation

A

when theres too much product being produced by a certain enzyme or chain of enzymes, the product will go back and bind to the (inhibit) first enzyme in the metabloc pathway in order to not waste stuff

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6
Q

Operon

A

a group of genes that are regulated together (genes usually have related functions) made of promoter, operator, and the genes being transcribed

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7
Q

Promoter

A

site where RNA-polymerase can bind to begin transcription

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8
Q

Operator

A

DNA binding site of repressor protein

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9
Q

What is the first step of turning the operon on

A

When lactose is added, it diffuses through the cell and attaches to the lac repressor which causes the repressor protein to change shape and fall off the operator

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10
Q

What is the second step of turning the operon on

A

RNA Polymerase bind to promoter and transcribes the genes of the operon

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11
Q

Most eukaryotic genes are controlled

A

individually and have more complex regulatory sequences

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12
Q

TATA box

A

short region of DNA that is located about 20 - 30 base pairs away from the start gene containing the sequence TATATA…. or TATAAAAA….

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13
Q

what is the function of the TATA box

A

binds a protein that helps position RNA polymerase by marking a point just before the beginning of a gene

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14
Q

Transcription factors

A

DNA binding proteins that control the expression of genes

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15
Q

In most cases, what must happen before RNA polymerase is able to attach to the promoter region and start transcription

A

multiple transcription factors must bind

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16
Q

Some factors can affect multiple genes at once (True or False )

A

True

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17
Q

Receptor complexes

A

Made of receptor proteins and chemical messengers etc

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18
Q

Receptor complexes can act as a transcription factor that binds to DNA and sends out a chemical signal that can

A

activate multiple genes

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19
Q

What other factors can affect gene expression

A
  • exit of the mRNA
  • stability of mRNA
  • breakdown of gene’s protein products
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20
Q

Cell specialization =

A

complex gene regulation

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21
Q

cells contain lots of…

A

small RNA that is not mRNA, tRNA, or rRNA

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22
Q

the small mRNA affects

A

gene expression

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23
Q

Dicer

A

enzyme that cuts the double stranded loops of mRNA into miRNA

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24
Q

miRNA stands for

A

micro RNA

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25
Q

How are silencing complexs created?

A

after the mRNA is split, the two strands of the loop separate and form miRNA —> the miRNA sticks to some mRNA molecules and stops them from passing on their protein making instructions

26
Q

RNA interference

A

blocking gene expression by means of miRNA silencing

27
Q

does RNA interference take place in all organisms?

A

yes and it plays a role in human growth and development

28
Q

RNAi technology holds the promise of

A

medical scientists being able to turn off the expression of virus cells or cancer cells

29
Q

differentiation

A

becoming specialized in structure and function

30
Q

homeotic genes

A

regulate organs and their development

31
Q

homeobox genes

A

Code for transcription factors that activate other genes important in cells development and differentiation
determines the presence of body parts

32
Q

Hox genes

A

they tell the cells of the body how to differentiate as the body grows and determines the location of body parts

33
Q

Why do common factors of genetic control exist?

A

because all these genes have descended from the genes of common ancestors

34
Q

What environmental factors can affect prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

temperature, salinity, nutrient availability

35
Q

metamorphosis can be an example of how

A

environmental influences affect gene expression

36
Q

operators are aka

A

o region

37
Q

When is the lac repressor on the operator

A

the lac repressor is ALWAYS on the operator unless it is bonded to lactose

38
Q

In lac operon, lactose is known as the

A

inducer

39
Q

the TATA box is a part of the

A

promoter

40
Q

How do environmental factors affect metamorphosis

A

Lack of nutrients, drying of ponds, amounts of food

41
Q

what is the function of the TATA box

A

binds a protein which helps position RNA polymerase right before the beginning of a gene

42
Q

enhancer

A

short sequences that recruit activator proteins which help RNA Polymerase work efficiently

43
Q

is the enhancer a part of the promoter region

A

no

44
Q

What are some examples of transcription factors

A

attracting RNA Polymerase, opening up chromatin, and blocking access to certain genes

45
Q

Promoters have ______ binding sites for transcription factors

A

multiple

46
Q

Cell specialization requires

A

genetic specialization

47
Q

homeotic genes are also known as

A

master control genes

48
Q

how long are hox genes

A

180 bps

49
Q

how are hox genes arranged

A

from head to tail

50
Q

Mutagens

A

Chemical or physical agents in the environment that cause mutations generally these are not good or bad

51
Q

examples of mutagens

A

uv radiation, smoke, infectious agents, rays, etc.

52
Q

gene expression regulation

A

instead of blocking enzyme function, block transcription of genes for all enzymes in metablic pathways in order to save energy

53
Q

what type of cell does gene expression regulation

A

only prokaryotes

54
Q

transcription unit

A

the genes that are grouped together

55
Q

how many main types of operons are there and what are they

A

2 –> negative and positive control

56
Q

how do inducible operons work

A

there’s an operon that’s off bc there’s a repressor bound to the operator so in order to turn the operon on, there’s an inducer molecule that changes the shape of the repressor so it cnt bind to the operator and the polymerase can go and waboosh

57
Q

what are the the types of negative gene regulation

A

repressible operon and inducible operon

58
Q

how do repressible operons work

A

so the operon is on bc there’s nothing bound to the operator and so the translation is like translationing and basically when there’s too much shiz being made by the proteins and wtv there’s an inactive repressor protein that becomes active when the product binds to it and then it binds to the operator and stops the production bc its wasting resources bc there’s too much and its like not needed

59
Q

how does positive control of a gene

A

so basically there’s nothing on the operon and then there’s a signal protein that binds to an inactive activator protein which makes it active and then this protein+signal thing binds to before the promoter and its like HEY RNA POLYMERASE COME DO UR SHIIIIIIIIIIII

60
Q

what type of pathways are repressible operons for

A

anabolic

61
Q

what type of pathways are inducible operons for

A

inducible

62
Q
A

AP Bio (67 decks)

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