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AP Bio > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Metabolism

A

all chemical reactions in organisms; how organisms manage their energy resources

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2
Q

Bio energetics

A

study of metabolism

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3
Q

Metabolic pathway

A

a road map of chemical reactions that occur in a cell that begin with a specific molecule which is then altered in a series of defined steps which results in a certain product

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4
Q

Are the enzymes in the different steps of a metabolic pathway all the same

A

no there is a different enzyme for every step

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5
Q

Catabolic Pathways

A

break down/decompose by releasing energy

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6
Q

Anabolic Pathways

A

absorb enerhy and form stuff

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7
Q

example of catabolc pathway

A

cellular respiration

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8
Q

Why is cellular respiration a catabolic process

A

because the glucose is nroken down in the prescence of oxygen into carbon dioxide and water

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9
Q

Can metabolic pathways have only one product and starting molecule

A

no they can have more than one of both

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10
Q

Anabolic pathways aka

A

biosynthetic pathways

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11
Q

What is an example of an anabolic pathway

A

when amino acids form proteins

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12
Q

Bioenergetics

A

the study of how energy flows through living organisms

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13
Q

Energy

A

the capacity of something to cause change and re arrange matter

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14
Q

What are the different types of energy

A

kinetic energy and potential energy

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15
Q

Kinetic energy

A

the energy of motion

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16
Q

Potential energy

A

the energy that is stored in something

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17
Q

What is the amount of potential energy something has determined by

A

its position or structure

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18
Q

Where is the main source of energy found for living organisms

A

in between the second and third phosphate of ATP

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19
Q

What are the different types of kinetic energy

A

thermal energy and heat

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20
Q

Thermal energy

A

kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules

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21
Q

Heat

A

the transfer of thermal energy from one object to another

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22
Q

Chemical Energy

A

the potential energy available for release in a chemical equation

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23
Q

What are some examples of chemical energy

A

the energy that is relased when you digest food

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24
Q

When a woman climbs a ladder what type of energy is being lost and what type of energy is being gained

A

shes losing chemical energy bc shes using energy from the food that she ate and she is using it for kinetic energy to move up the ladder and she is gaining potential energy bc she is going up

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25
Q

Thermodynamics

A

the study of energy transformation that occur in a colection of matter

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26
Q

System

A

the matter under the study

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27
Q

Surroundings

A

everything outside the system

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28
Q

Isolated system

A

a system that is unable to change either its energy or matter with its surroundings outside the thermos

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29
Q

Open system

A

energy and matter can be transferred between the systems and its surroundings

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30
Q

What type of systems are organisms

A

open

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31
Q

1st law of thermodynamics

A

Conservation of Energy

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32
Q

Conservation of energy

A

the energy of the universe is constant: energy can be transferred and transformed but it cannot be created or destroyed

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33
Q

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

A

for energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe

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34
Q

When organisms do chemical reactions in their bodies and their is excess energy what does it come off as

A

heat

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35
Q

Entropy

A

a measure of disorder

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36
Q

Why do organisms give off heat, as usable energy, when they do chemical reactions in their body

A

to make the world more unstable

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37
Q

Spontaneous process

A

a reaction that leads to a rise in entropy on its own without the input of energy

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38
Q

Is something that is spontaneous favorable or not favorable

A

favorable

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39
Q

Nonspontaneous reaction

A

a reaction leads to a decrease in entropy

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40
Q

How does energy go into most ecosystems

A

as light

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41
Q

How does energy leave most ecosystems

A

heat

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42
Q

Can entropy ever decrease

A

entropy can decrease ( like for humans it can) and the universe will remain with increasing entropy bc humans are small so this is still true thermodynamically

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43
Q

Is the universe the system or the surroundings

A

both

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44
Q

Gibbs Free energy

A

the measure of a systems instability and the energy available to do work

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45
Q

Gibbs Free Energy symbol

A

ΔG

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46
Q

Gibbs free energy formula

A

ΔG = ΔH -TΔS

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47
Q

Entropy Symbol

A

ΔS

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48
Q

What must temperature be in when doing gibbs free energy calculations

A

kelvin

49
Q

C –> K

A

c + 273.15

50
Q

For what sign of ΔG is a reaction spontaneous

A

-

51
Q

If ΔG is positive is the process spontaneous

A

no

52
Q

If ΔG is 0 is the process spontaneous

A

no

53
Q

Does a spontaneous process have more or less free energy

A

less

54
Q

Is more or less enthalpy favorable for spontaneity

A

less

55
Q

Equilibrium

A

maximum state of stability

56
Q

Which variable has the least value in gibbs free energy when an equation is at equilibrium

A

G

57
Q

When can something do work

A

when it is spontaneous and it moves towards equilibrium

58
Q

Exergonic reaction

A

energy outward

59
Q

Spontaneous = energetically bad or good

A

good

60
Q

Do exergonic or endergonic reactions occur spontaneously

A

exergonic

61
Q

Endergonic reaction

A

one that absorbs free energy from its surroundings

62
Q

What is the sign of ΔG in endergonic reactions

A

+

63
Q

Example of an endergonic reaction

A

photosynthesis

64
Q

If reactions in a cloed system reach equilibrium what happens to work

A

you cant do ti

65
Q

What kind of system are organisms

A

open multistep

66
Q

Chemical Work

A

the pushing of endergonic reactions that would not occur spontaneously

67
Q

Transport work

A

the pumping of substances across membranes against the direction of spontaneous movement

68
Q

What is the value of ΔG at equilibrium

A

0

69
Q

What are the different types of work in a cell

A

chemical
transport
mechanical

70
Q

Energy coupling

A

the use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one

71
Q

What type of reaction is going from ATP to ADP

A

exergonic

72
Q

How do you go from ATP to ADP

A

hydrolyze the last phosphate group off of ATP

73
Q

Why is the reaction of ATP –> ADP important

A

it releases alot of energy - more than otger molecules - because of the instability of the 3 phospate groups bc they all have a negative hcarge

74
Q

Enzyme

A

protein that acts as a catalyst to speed up a reaction without being consumed or changed by the reaction

75
Q

DEscribe energy in a chemical reaction

A

energy goes into the reactants and they are unstable
new bonds on the product molecules form and energy is released as heat so that the products have less energy than the reactants

76
Q

Activation Energy

A

the energy needed to contort the reactant molecules so the bonds can break

77
Q

Transition State

A

when the molecules have absorbed enough energy for the bonds to break and are unstable

78
Q

What is needed to reach the transition state

A

heat –> thermla energy to give the atoms enegry so they can become unstable and break

79
Q

How do enzymes help make reactions faster

A

they lower the activation energy which allows molecules to reach the transition state without absorbing too much thermal energy which would be harmful to organic molecules

80
Q

Enzymes can catalyze any reaction true or false

A

false –> all things have specific enzymes

81
Q

Substrate

A

the reactant an enzyme acts on

82
Q

Enzyme-substrate complex

A

the thing formed when an enzyme fits into its active site and it alters the substrate slightly so that it bonds to it to hold it in place

83
Q

Active Site

A

the restricted region of the enzyme molecule that binds to the substrate (enzyme is bigger)

84
Q

Induced fit

A

the hold of the enzyme on the substrate tightens bc it brings chemical groups of the active site into positions that enhance their ability to catalyze the chemical reaction ALSO done with the help of cofactors or coenzymes

85
Q

Phosphorylation

A

when you add a phosphate group to smth to hold energy

86
Q

Rate of cayalyzation

A

1000/sec

87
Q

Enzymes can catalyze both the forward and the reverse reaction true or false

A

true

88
Q

How are most substrate held in place in the active site

A

with hydrogen and ionic bonds from the R-groups of the amino acids

89
Q

How do you know which reaction an enzyme is going to catalyze (forward or reverse)

A

it will catalyze the one with the lower ΔG

90
Q

What are the ways that an enzyme catalyzes a reaction

A

orientation
microenvironment
enzyme stretching
amino acid

91
Q

Orientation catalyzation

A

enzyme puts substrates together perfecty (in the position that they connect bc they usually js bump around and leave it to chance)

92
Q

Microenvironment catalyzation

A

the enzyme makes itself more optimal for a substrate to bind to compared to the surrounding conditions

93
Q

Enzye stretchig catalyzation

A

the enzyme stresses and breaks its own chemical bonds to lower the activation energy –> the enzyme distorts itself so that the transition state is easier to reach

94
Q

Amino Acid catalyzation

A

amino acids in the active site participate in the process by bonding etc

95
Q

What factors affect how enzymes function

A

pH, temperature, and sometimes special chemicals

96
Q

Temperature optimal of enzyme

A

not too hot bc even tho hot speeds the particles up so they reach the activation energy, it will denature the protein bc it will break the H and ionic bonds

97
Q

What is the normal pH range for more enzymes

A

6-8

98
Q

Cofactors

A

something thats not a protein that helps catalyze; lots of enzymes have them and sometimes theyre already on the active site and sometimes theyre not

99
Q

Coenzyme

A

organic things that help catalyze like the cofactors

100
Q

Examples of cofactors

A

any vitamin

101
Q

Competitive inhibitors

A

molecules that reduce the productivity of enzymes by blocking the substrates from entering active sites (bind in the active site itself)

102
Q

non-competitive inhibitors

A

mostl small molecules that do not compete directly with the substrate in the active site and innstead they bind ot the enzyme away from the active site to alter the shape of the enzyme so that even if the substrate can bind, the active site functions less effectively if at all

103
Q

Enzyme inhibitors

A

inihibitor molecules that bind to an enzyme to turn it off –> the do this because theres stuff near the enzyme that shouldn’t be there or you don’t need soething (like bacteria or excess protein you dont want)

104
Q

Allosteric Regulation

A

any case in which a proteins function at one site is affected by the binding of a refulatory molecule to a separate site -> can result in inhibition or stimulation

105
Q

What is alloesteric regulation used ofr

A

for molecules that oscillate between active and inactive form to keep it one form

106
Q

Alloesteric site aka

A

regulatory site

107
Q

IS the alloesteric site the active site

A

no theyre near each other so that the regulatory site affects the active site but they are not the same

108
Q

Cooperativity

A

a kind of allosteric activation where a substrate molecule binds to one active site in a multisububit enzyme that triggers a shape in all of the subunits (stops it from oscilatting) which allows substrates to bind to the other active sites

109
Q

Feedback inhibition

A

when the product of a metabolic pathway binds to the primary enzyme used to make that pathway, aloesterically inhibiting it from creating more of the same protein

110
Q

What is the usual source of energy for energy coupling in organisms

A

ATP

111
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate

112
Q

Is the hydrolysis of ATP exergonic or endergonic

A

exergonic

113
Q

When ATP is hydrolyzed how much energy is released

A

7.3kcal/mol

114
Q

Phosphorylated Intermediate

A

the recipient molecule with the phosphate group covalently bonded to it is

115
Q

How often does induced fit occur

A

ALL THE TIME NOT OPTIONAL

116
Q

ΔG fomula (NOT THE ENTHALPY ONE)

A

ΔG = Gf - Gi

117
Q

Why does a negative ΔG connotate that the reaction can occur

A

because that means that the final value of free energy is less than the inital value. this means that energy was released because there was energy that went in and you used it for work

118
Q

Why does a positive ΔG connotate that the reaction can occur

A

this means no reaction happened because the energy wet up so nothing was used for work so you still need to get some energy to do a reaction

119
Q

If the absolute value of ΔG is __the energy needed to hydrolyze ATP, the reaction can work

A

equal to or less than

AP Bio (67 decks)

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