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AP Bio > Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cell Structure Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Typical cells range from ____ to ____ __ in ____

A

5 - 50 μ diameter

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2
Q

_____ ______can be extremely small or large enough to see with the unaided eye

A

special bacteria

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3
Q

What cell can be seen with the unaided eye?

A

Eggs

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4
Q

Despite differences in size and shape, at some
point all cells have ____ and a _____

A

DNA, Cell membrane

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5
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Another name for cell membrane

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6
Q

What are the two types of cells?

A

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

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7
Q

What are prokaryotes?

A

Cells that are usually smaller and simpler than eukaryotes and do not separate their genetic material in a nucleus

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8
Q

What are some examples of prokaryotes?

A

Bacteria and Archea

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9
Q

Prokaryotes do not have

A

Membrane bound organelles (NO NUCLEUS) [have ribosomes]

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10
Q

Because prokaryotes do not have nuclei, where do they store their DNA

A

Nucleoid region

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11
Q

What are Eukaryotes?

A

Cells that are more complex than prokaryotes and contain dozens of internal membranes and structures (that are usually specialized)

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12
Q

Do eukaryotes have nuclei?

A

Yes

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13
Q

Examples of eukaryotes

A

Protists, unicellular/multicellular organisms

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14
Q

Organelles

A

little organs, act like specialized organs of the cell

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15
Q

What organelles do animal cells not have?

A

Chloroplasts, a central vacuole, tonoplast, cell wall, and plasmodesmata

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16
Q

What organelles do plant cells not have?

A

Lysosomes and centrioles

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17
Q

What are the three main parts of eukaryotes?

A

Cell membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus

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18
Q

Cytoplasm

A

One of the main parts of the cell
Function is to provide “platform” where other organelles can stay

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19
Q

Nucleus

A

large membrane enclosed structure that contains DNA and controls many of the cell’s functions

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20
Q

What is the nucleus known as?

A

Office or control center of the cell

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21
Q

How many membranes does the nucleus? What are their names? (or its name)

A

2; the Nuclear Membrane or envelope (NAME FOR TWO COMBINED) is made of an inner and outer membrane

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22
Q

The nuclear membrane has thousands of ___ ___

A

nuclear pore complexes

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23
Q

What is the function of nuclear pore complexes?

A

Allow material such as proteins, DNA, and other molecules to move in and out of the nucleus

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24
Q

What is in the nucleus?

A

Nucleolus, chromatin, nuclear envelope, and nuclear pore complexes

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25
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

Where ribosomes subunits are made -> located in the center of the nucleus

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26
Q

What is chromatin?

A

Chromatin is the complex of DNA that is bound to proteins that is found scattered in the nucleus around the nucleolus

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27
Q

What are chromosomes and where are they found?

A

Supercoiled chromatin

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28
Q

What are vacuoles?

A

Sac-like membrane enclosed structures that store material such as water, salts, proteins, carbohydrates, and ions.

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29
Q

Animal cells have ____ vacuole(s)
Plant cells have ____ vacuole (s)

A

many; one central

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30
Q

Why do plant cells have one central vacuole?

A

This central vacuole is filled with water and supports heavy structures (such as the cell wall) and increases rigidity

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31
Q

Contractile Vacuole

A

found in paramecium, pumps excess water out of cells because protists cannot stop the water that surrounds it from coming in

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32
Q

If plant cells lose water that is stored in their central vacuole, eventually the plant will ____ because..

A

lose its rigidity because the central vacuole no longer supports the cell wall

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33
Q

What are the parts of the vacuole?

A

Tonoplast - Membrane around central vacuole
Cell sap - fluid found in vacuoles

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34
Q

Lys means to

A

break down (hydroLYSis)

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35
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

break down lipids, carbohydrates, and other proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell OR breaks down organelles that are not needed. lysosomes are VERY IMPORTANT because they take away clutter in cells that may potentially cause disease

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36
Q

Lysosomes are found in

A

all animal cells and some special plants

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37
Q

How do lysosomes work?

A

They break down material with hydrolytic (digestive) enzymes that they are filled with

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38
Q

Cyto means

A

cell

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39
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

givers cells their shape and internal organization, helps transport material throughout the cell, and aids in the movement of some cells that have a flagella or cilia

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40
Q

What is the cytoskeleton made of?

A

Protein filaments

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41
Q

The cytoskeleton is constantly

A

broken down and built back up

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42
Q

What are the three proteins that make up the cytokeleton?

A

Microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments

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43
Q

What are microfilaments?

A

Threadlike, form a strong flexible framework

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44
Q

What are microfilaments made of?

A

protein called actin

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45
Q

Microtubules

A

Largest protein that makes up the cytoskeleton
Maintain cell shape
Helps during mitosis by forming the mitotic spindle which helps separate chromosomes.
Help build cilia and flagella
Are like monorails and hold cells in place, or provides a track for them to move on. (specific)

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46
Q

Microtubules are made of

A

protein called tubulin

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47
Q

How are microtubules organized?

A

organized in 9+2 pattern meaning there are nine pairs of microtubules in a cilia or flagella

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48
Q

What are cilia and flagella?

A

Projections of the cell surface that help cells move rapidly throug hliquid

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49
Q

How are microtubules connected in the 9+2 pattern?

A

small CROSS BRIDGES between microtubules that use chemical energy to pull on each other.

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50
Q

What are intermediate filaments?

A

protein that holds together cells and makes up the nuclear lamina

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51
Q

What are intermediate filaments made of?

A

protein called keratin

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52
Q

List the three proteins that make up the cytoskeleton from smallest to largest in diameter

A

Microfilaments
Intermediate Filaments
Microtubules

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53
Q

Microtubules are ____ structures

A

hollow

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54
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Small particles of RNA and protein found in cytoplasm of cells whose function is to make proteins

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55
Q

How many types of ribosomes are there?and what are they?

A

2; free ribosomes and bound ribosomes

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56
Q

What are free ribosomes?

A

ribosomes that make proteins that are used in the cell

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57
Q

What are bound ribosomes?

A

ribosomes that are bound to the rough ER and make proteins in the cell membrane or are exported from the cell

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58
Q

All ribosomes start as ____ ribosomes and return to being a __ ribosome after….

A

All ribosomes start as free ribosomes and return to being a free ribosome after being temporarily bound

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59
Q

What does a ribosome consist of?

A

A large subunit and a small subunit.
Amino acid, mRNA, tRNA, growing protein chain, RNA

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60
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

Internal membrane system that assembles lipid components of cell membrane, proteins, and other materials that are exported

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61
Q

What is the ER made of?

A

Rough ER and Smooth ER

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62
Q

Rough ER

A

where proteins are synthesized –> it is called the rough ER because of ribosomes on its surface

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63
Q

How are proteins synthesized in the rough ER?

A

1) Newly made proteins leave ribosomes
2) Ribosomes are inserted into rough ER
3) Ribosomes are chemically modified so that they can perform their specific tasks

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64
Q

How are proteins chemically modified in the Rough ER?

A

Oligosaccharides are randomly attached to the hydroxyl group of the proteins to make a glycoprotein

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65
Q

Oligosaccharide

A

chain of 8-12 monosaccharides (carbohydrates)

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66
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Organelle that looks like a stack of flattened membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins/other materials for storage or release from the cell.

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67
Q

How does the Golgi Apparatus sort proteins?

A

By changing the order of the monosaccharides on the oligosaccharide so that it can be recognized by other cells and can have a proper function.

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68
Q

How does the Golgi Apparatus sort proteins?

A

By changing the order of the monosaccharides on the oligosaccharide so that it can be recognized by other cells and can have a proper function.

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69
Q

Where do proteins go after the smooth ER?

A

Golgi Apparatus

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70
Q

What is the smooth ER?

A

Part of the ER whose main function is to create lipids and detoxification.

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71
Q

Where is the smooth ER located?

A

Attached to the nucleus

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72
Q

Where is the nucleus located?

A

At the center of the cell

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73
Q

How do proteins get from the rough/smooth ER

A

vesicles that pinch off

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74
Q

What are vesicles?

A

Are like temporary vesicles that MOVE stored contents into other organelles.

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75
Q

After is content is moved to a different organelle, the vesicle….

A

becomes a part of the organelle it transferred material to

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76
Q

What are the steps of the transfer of material with a vesicle?

A

1) Budding
2) Fusion
Look at diagram in notes

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77
Q

What are chloroplasts?

A

“Solar Power” plants whose main function is to capture the energy from the sunlight (light energy) and convert it into food that contains chemical energy (glucose)

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78
Q

Chloroplasts have their own ___

A

DNA

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79
Q

What do the chloroplasts consist of?

A

Inner membrane, outer membrane, stroma, granum, and thylakoid

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80
Q

What is the stroma?

A

The colorless fluid in the chloroplasts

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81
Q

What is granum?

A

Stacks of thylakoids

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82
Q

What are thylakoids?

A

Flattened circles that absorb sunlight and where photosynthesis takes place. It also contains chlorophyll, which is what makes plants green

83
Q

What is the mitochondria?

A

“Power House of the Cell” which converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds (glucose) that are more convenient for the cell to use (ATP)

84
Q

What do chloroplasts perform?

A

photosynthesis

85
Q

What do mitochondria perform?

A

cellular respiration

86
Q

Mitochondria has its own ___

A

DNA, ribosomes, rna in its matrix

87
Q

DNA is inherited from the ___ of the ____

A

cytoplasm, ovum (egg cell)

88
Q

What is the cell wall?

A

Porous wall that surrounds the cell membrane of plant cells and supports, shapes, and protects the cell from lysing. The porous surface also allows water, oxygen, carbon dioxide,etc. to pass through

89
Q

What are the parts of the mitochondria?

A

Outer membrane, inner membrane, matrix, cristae, and intermembrane space

90
Q

Outer membrane of mitochondria

A

membrane/wall around mitochondria

91
Q

inner membrane of mitochondria

A

membrane of matrix

92
Q

matrix of mitochondria

A

space withing the inner membrane of the mitochondria

93
Q

Cristae of mitochondria

A

Bends in the inner membrane of the mitochondria

94
Q

Intermembrane space of mitochondria

A

space between inner and outer membrane of mitochondria

95
Q

The cell wall is made of

A

cellulose

96
Q

Only eukaryotes have cell walls.
(True or False)

A

False; Prokaryotes and eukaryotes have cell walls but are made of different things

97
Q

Cell walls break against gravity
(True or False)

A

False; cell walls have enough rigidity to work against gravity

98
Q

What are centrioles?

A

Organelles that main function is to organize spindle fibers and chromosomes during mitosis ONLY ANIMAL CELLS

99
Q

What are centrioles made of?

A

Microtubules that form in 9 sets of 3

100
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

Organelle that regulates what enters and leaves the cell or protects and supports the cell

101
Q

Cell membrane is also known as the

A

Fluid Mosaic Model

102
Q

Why is the cell membrane called the fluid mosaic model?

A

It is named the fluid mosaic model because there are many molecules that make it look like a mosaic.

103
Q

Cell membrane is made out of

A

phospholipids in a lipid bilayer (lipid bilayer gives cells its strong, flexible structure)

104
Q

Phospholipid

A

lipid containing phosphate group

105
Q

Properties of the phospholipids

A

have hydrophobic (water hating) tails and hydrophilic (water loving) heads

106
Q

In the lipid bilayer, the ___ are on the outside and the __ are on the inside

A

heads; tails

107
Q

Why are the phospholipids assembled the way that they are assembled in the lipid bilayer?

A

The tails cluster together, and the heads cluster together on the outside because they are attracted to water/other liquids that cells may be in

108
Q

The cell membrane is ______ ________

A

selectively permeable

109
Q

Selectively Permeable

A

membranes that allow some substances to pass through and not others -> this is usually caused by size

110
Q

What is in the fluid mosaic model?

A

Proteins (such as channels/pumps that help material move across the membrane), carbohydrates (allow cells to recognize each other), cholesterol (odd shape keeps the membrane from freezing when it is cold so cells don’t die)

111
Q

The heads of phospholipids are…

A

polar (this is because the tops of the heads have a slight positive charge and the bottom has a slight negative charge )

112
Q

The tails of phospholipids are…

A

non polar

113
Q

Phospholipids are all ___ to prevent them from ____

A

bent; freezing (they are bent so that they are unsaturated with a carbon-carbon double bond)

114
Q

What makes up phospholipids? (not head +tail)

A

Choline (top of head), phosphate group (bottom of head), and glycerol (fatty acid chains as tails)

115
Q

All cells must carry what

A

chromosomes

116
Q

another way to say cell membrane

A

plasma membrane

117
Q

what is usually bigger pro or eukaryores

A

eukaryotes

118
Q

what is the main kingdom of prokaryores

A

archea

119
Q

cytoplasm

A

all the organelles and the jelly

120
Q

cytosol

A

fluid

121
Q

How do prokaryotes move

A

they usually have cilia or flagellum

122
Q

which microscope allows you to see internal structure

A

transmission microscopes

123
Q

what do specimen have to be to be able to be seen by a transmission microscope

A

super super thin cut

124
Q

what are the membranes of the nucleus made of

A

phospholipids

125
Q

What is inside the central vacuole

A

water and other small organic material or pigmentation

126
Q

Microfilaments sometimes make what

A

microvilli

127
Q

Is the gel or sol thicker and why

A

the gel is thicker because there is more actin subunits than in the sol

128
Q

Microfilaments purpose

A

allows amoebas and other cells to crawl across surfaces by assembly and disassembly which causes cytoplasmic movement.
Pinches in membrane for mitosis
Involved in muscle contractions
cell motility
changes the cells shape

129
Q

what type of cells are centrosomes in

A

animal and plant

130
Q

Centrosomes are used for movement when

A

when theres 2

131
Q

How are basal bodies formed

A

9 sets of 3 microtubules

132
Q

What are basal bodies for

A

for stabilizing the cilia and flagella

133
Q

how do cilia move

A

oar like

134
Q

how does flagellum move

A

undulate

135
Q

Which face does the golgi apparatus recieve and send off vesicles respectively

A

cis and then trans

136
Q

how does the golgi apparatus modify proteins

A

by adding a glycoprotein to sort them

137
Q

where is sorting of proteins done in the golgi apparatus

A

in the cisternae

138
Q

how does the cell wall prevent cells from bursting

A

it prevents too much water from coming in

139
Q

do cell walls replace cell membranes

A

NO NEVER NO NO NO NO NO

140
Q

Nuclear Lamina

A

network of intermediate fibers inside nuclear envelope –> like a framework can be built and broken pretty easily

141
Q

Why is the nucleus known as the control center of the cell

A

because it has the DNA which codes for RNA which codes for proteins, proteins = enzymes, enzymes = processes

142
Q

Nuclear matrix

A

protein filaments that go throughout the nucleus for support

143
Q

are free and bound ribosomes structurally different

A

no

144
Q

Endomembrane system

A

organelles that are all membrane bound and have the same membranes so that pieces of each of them can pick up and move to another one in the system

145
Q

what is the common membrane of the endomembrane system made of

A

phospholipids

146
Q

what organelles make up the endomembrane system

A

golgi apparatus
vesicles
cell membrane
endoplasmic reticulum (smooth + rough)
vacuoles
lysosomes

147
Q

endomembrane system purpose

A

protein synthesis, organelle trapnsport, movement, metabolism, etc.

148
Q

Vesicles

A

sacs of membrane for transport of proteins, lipids, etc. to membrane + beyond

149
Q

what is the difference between the smooth er and the rough er

A

the rough makes proteins (from ribosomes on surface) and the smooth makes lipids

150
Q

where is the rough er located

A

on the nucleus

151
Q

where is the smooth er located

A

on the rough

152
Q

chromosomes

A

DNA organized into discrete units; contains one long DNA molecule with proteins (histones) –> coiled up so it fits in the nucleus

153
Q

how many chromosomes do hoomans have

A

46

154
Q

Chromatin

A

the complex of DNA and protein that makes up chromsones (not coiled up)

155
Q

Pore complexes are made of

A

proteins

156
Q

tubules

A

small microscopic tubes that are hollow inside

157
Q

cisternae

A

liquid filled sacs

158
Q

transport vesicles

A

piece from ER that bulges off and moves to golgi

159
Q

what happens if a lysosome lyses in a cell

A

enzymes denature bc theyre not in the right conditions bc the cytosol is almost neutral and lysosomes have a pH of 5

160
Q

autophagy

A

random bad/dead organelles in cytosol get surrounded by membrane and bind with a lysosome to digest

161
Q

hydrolytic

A

done with hydrolysis

162
Q

apoptosis

A

fr me :P

163
Q

hydrolytic processes

A

break down macromolecules bc of excess lysing

164
Q

Glycoprotein

A

secretory proteins with a small chain of monosacchardies attached to them (function is to identify cells by putting them in the cell membrane)

165
Q

where is the cis face of the golgi apparatus

A

on the er

166
Q

Phagocytosis

A

unicellular organisms and eukaryotes that eat organisms that are smaller than them by engulfing them and fusing with a lysosome

167
Q

cell motility

A

changes in cell location and cell part movement which usually requires motor proteins

168
Q

contractile vacuoles

A

star thingies that shoot out water in paramecium and amoeba

169
Q

food vacuoles

A

digests things and does phagocytosis

170
Q

plastids

A

storage organelles

171
Q

motor protein

A

proteins that aid organelles/cell/cytosol to move around/in the cell

172
Q

how do motor proteins work for microtubles and organelles

A

the organelle binds ot the receptor for motor molecule
motor molecule gets ADP and gets phosphorylated so the shape changes and it moves up and pulls the rest with it and the repeat

173
Q

how do motor proteins work for microtubles and microtubules

A

microtubules attach to other microtubules with motor proteins
motor molecule gets ADP and gets phosphorylated so the shape changes and it moves up and pulls the rest with it and the repeat

174
Q

Dimer

A

a molecule made of 2 subunits

175
Q

Centrosome

A

a region locatated near the nucleus where microtubules grow out of

176
Q

centrosomes are made of what

A

2 centrioles

177
Q

what is the structure of a basal body

A

9+0

178
Q

what is the structure of a flagellum

A

9+2 –> 9 doublets in a ring with 2 in the middle

179
Q

Dyneins

A

motor molecules (proteins) that are attached to the outside of microtubule doubles (they usually have 2 feet and they use ATP)

180
Q

are microfilaments easy to break down and build up

A

no

181
Q

what is the structure of intermediate filaments like in animal cellls

A

scattered

182
Q

what is the structure of intermediate filaments like in plant cellls

A

cell wall structured

183
Q

cortex

A

the outer cytoplasmic layer of a cell (supported by network of microfilaments)

184
Q

myosin purpose

A

interacts with actin to contract muscles

185
Q

Pseudopodia

A

false feet that are cellular extensions which aid in ameboid movement

186
Q

Cytoplasmic streaming

A

circular flow of cytoplasm around the central vacuole which speeds up the distribution of materials and nutrients within the cell because of pressure (the gel around (thick) pressures the sol (skinny ol legends) into moving fast fast)

187
Q

Cell wall is made with what enzye

A

cellulose synthase

188
Q

Primary cell wall

A

wall of young plant that is flexible and thin

189
Q

Middle Lamella

A

the sticky stuff in between 2 adjacent plant cells

190
Q

what is the middle lamella made of

A

sticky polysacchardies called pectins

191
Q

secondary cell wall

A

wall between the plasma membrane and the primary cell wall that has a strong and duravke double matrix to provide protection and support

192
Q

puedes tener multiples cell walls

A

SUI

193
Q

ECM

A

extra cellular matrix

194
Q

is the ECM the same in every cell

A

no

195
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

the channels that connect cells by joining the internal chemical environments of adgacent cells ONLY PLANT

196
Q

Proteoglycan

A

more carb than protein – weaves around collagen

197
Q

collagen

A

most abundant glycoprotein in animal cells

198
Q

glycoprotein

A

protein with sugar

199
Q

fibronectin

A

glycoproteins that bind to integrins on cell that allow other cells to bind to the cell

200
Q

integrins

A

cell surface prooteins that glycoproteins can bind to and they also send signals between the ECM and the cytoskeleton + regulate cell behavior cheically + mechanically

201
Q

tight junctions

A

intercellular junction whose purpose is to not let fluid into animal cells – it does this because its an integral protein and binds to the protein of another cell which makes this water proof seal

202
Q

desmosomes

A

intermediate filaments that bind together to hold difference cells together (uses keratin)

203
Q

gap junctions

A

integral protein channel that spreads through 2 cell membranes which allows certain stuff to pass through

204
Q

gap junction aka

A

communication junction

AP Bio (67 decks)

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