Viruses and Prokaryotes Flashcards

1
Q

virus

A

small genome enclosed in a protein capsid

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2
Q

is a virus an organism

A

no bc theyre not made out of cells and all living things must be made out of cells

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3
Q

describe the size of a virus

A

3 - 100 genes and smaller than a ribosome

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4
Q

what is a virus made of

A

capsomere and genome and sometimes envelope

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5
Q

capsomere

A

individual protein units that are repeated around the protein capsid that protect the genome of the virus

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6
Q

genome

A

DNA of virus

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7
Q

where is the phospholipid bilayer in relation to the capsid

A

it can be outside or inside it or even just not there at all

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8
Q

envelope

A

a layer made of phospholipids that is outside of the protein capsid layer

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9
Q

where do most envelopes originate from

A

the virus host

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10
Q

host cell of virus (Use + what virus does to it)

A

viruses use host cells only for replication so they usually don’t kill their host so they can keep replicating

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11
Q

host range

A

the ability of a virus to infect multiple tissue or species –> so like which ones it can hop to

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12
Q

do viruses have a small big or mixed host range

A

mixed

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13
Q

polymerase

A

enzyme needed for replication of DNA or rna (in the case of the virus)

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14
Q

what polymerase do DNA viruses yse

A

the host polymerase

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15
Q

what polymerase do DNA viruses use

A

it brings its own polymerase bc humans don’t operate on RNA

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16
Q

phage

A

a virus that infects and replicates within bacteria, essentially acting as a natural predator of bacteria and archea (the yellow thingies next to the birds)

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17
Q

describe the genome of phages

A

double stranded DNA

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18
Q

lytic cycle aka

A

virulent phage

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19
Q

lysogenic cycle aka

A

temperate phage

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20
Q

in what ways can phages reproduce

A

lytic and lysogenic cycles

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21
Q

lytic cycle

A

virus attaches to bacteria cell wall and insert its dna to hijack the cells ribosomes and other stuff so that it repllicates the virus dna and proteins. so basicaly a bunch of viruses are in the bacteria and then it opens and all the little phages bust out and crawl all over

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22
Q

lysogenic cycle

A

virus attaches to bacteria cell receptors and also breaks the chromosome to put itself into the chromosme. then the bacteria does binary fission and makes a bunch of prophages bc its inserted in its dna

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23
Q

what are the main groups of prokaryotes

A

bacteria and archea

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24
Q

how many shapes of bacteria and archea are there and what are they

A

3: Spherical (cocci)
Rod-shaped (bacilli)
Spiral (spirillum spirochetes)

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25
Q

what kind of prokaryote has peptidoglyan and where is it

A

bacteria in cell wall

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26
Q

why is gram staining done

A

to differentiate between different types of bacteria (thick or thing peptidoglycan – antibiotic resistant or no)

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27
Q

can a phage do both reproductive cycles

A

no

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28
Q

why are viruses able to bind to bacteria cell walls

A

because they take advantage of the cell receptors and bind to them even tho its not for them

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29
Q

prophage

A

genetic information of the virus after it has been inserted and incorporated into the bacterial DNA

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30
Q

animal virus reproduction is done with what tyep of genes

A

rna

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31
Q

are animal viruses supposed to kill the host

A

not supposed to

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32
Q

animal virus reproduction

A

ok so basically the glycoproteins outside of the virus envelope attach to the host cell receptors (trick) and then it puts its viral genome in the host and also the capsid — the rna basically makes mrna –> dna –> protein (casid and glycoproteins for envelope) and then they pop out as new viruses, using the membrane as its new envelope

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33
Q

purpose of animal virus reproduction

A

to make more virus cells

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34
Q

retrovirus

A

A retrovirus is a type of virus that inserts a DNA copy of its RNA genome into the DNA of a host cell that it invades, thus changing the genome of that cell

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35
Q

reverse transcriptase

A

enzyme that turns rna into dna

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36
Q

ssRNA stands for

A

single stranded RNA

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37
Q

how do ssrna viruses work

A

glycoproteins on virus trick receptors in t-helper cell and allows virus and cell to fuse, break down capsid, and release viral RNA and enzymes (reverse transcriptase + integrase) into the cell then use RT to make ssdna and then to make double strand and then integrase takes into nucleus + ribosomes to put in dna and also make viral proteins to make more virus cells (bc they all float to membrane to bud off) to produce and nobody notices anything is wrong bc its t-helper cell

38
Q

integrase

A

enzyme that takes the double stranded dna (made from host nucleotide and viral rna) and brings it into the nuclear pores to put itself into the host dna in the nucleus

39
Q

are viruses and bacteria the same thing explain

A

no bacteria are alive (prokaryotes!!!) anywhere while viruses are not alive and can only survive in host

40
Q

what domain are viruses classified as

A

NONE BC THEY ARE NOT ALIVE SO NOT CLASSIFIED REMEMBER ME CUHHH

41
Q

all bacteria are dangerous and cause disease
true or false

A

false not all cause disease

42
Q

how were viruses discovered

A

discovered from cells bc viruses (dna and rna) have the ability to

43
Q

archea meaning

44
Q

why are archea called ancient

A

Called that way because they evolve much less and are also Believed to be where eukaryotes came from

45
Q

what are the prokaryotic demains and how many are there

A

2 –> bacteria and archea

46
Q

how many shapes of prokaryotes and what are they

A

3 shapes –> spherical, rod shaped, spiral

47
Q

name of sphereical prokaryotes

48
Q

name of rod shaped prokaryotes

49
Q

name of spiral prokaryotes

A

spirillum spirochetes

50
Q

what is gram staining for

A

when you stain to find out if a bacteria is antibiotic resistant or not to see how dangerous it is and if you need antibiotics

51
Q

order of staining for gram staining

A

Crystal violet → iodine → alcohol, safranin dye

52
Q

endospores

A

a duplicate of bacterial chromosome in a hard tough structure without moisture that doesnt die and lasts centuries until they lyse –> done to preserve

53
Q

what are the capsules made of

A

made of anything

54
Q

where are capsules always located

A

always on the outside of the wall

55
Q

purpose of the capsule

A

js for latching onto other stuff and sometimes js for protection against stuff or drying out

56
Q

what is the driving force of binary fission

57
Q

do all bacteria have capsules

A

no only some

58
Q

how do prokaryotes reproduce

A

asexually through binary fission

59
Q

binary fission

A

copy circular chromosome; split the cell; grow FATTY FATTY FATTY

60
Q

nucleoid

A

where DNA stays in the same region bc theres no nucleus

61
Q

plasmid

A

extra circular dna with accessory genes that ont all prokarytoes have

62
Q

are viruses prokarytoes

A

no bc theyre not living

63
Q

describe the internal organization of prokarytoes (why they diff from eukarytoes)

A

no membrane bound organelles but they can still do membrane bound processes bc they have membrane infoldings

64
Q

how do bacteria and archea move

A

with flagella or flagellum

65
Q

flagella is what type of strucutre

A

analagous bc it has evloved to have diff functions but same look for lots of archae + bacteria (CONVERENT EVOLUTION)

66
Q

taxis

A

when prokarytoe moves toward the stimuli

67
Q

process of gram staining

A

stain with crystal violet and then iodine to wash and then alcohol – if stay violet its bc thye have fat peptidoclycan and are nice if not they have skinny peptidoclycan so they lose purple and turn evil pink

68
Q

gram negative bacteria

A

more dangerous (pink = look nice but poison) bacteria that can block antibiotics and has a thin peptidoglycan wall

69
Q

gram positive bacteria

A

less dangerous bacteria (purple POWER) that has a thick peptidoclyan wall and no antibitic resistant

70
Q

transformation

A

dna from one species can go into a bacteria and change the phenotype genotype or both and this can work by going in chromosome or js fail bc it dont go in

71
Q

how many types of transduction are there and what are they

A

2 specialized and generalized

72
Q

how do bacteria pass on genes

A

horizontal gene transfer

73
Q

how does bacteria do horizontal gene transfer

A

transformation transduction and conjugation

74
Q

horizontal gene transfer

A

the movement of genetic material between organisms, other than from parent to offspring

75
Q

conjugation (simple def)

A

2 bacterial cells intentionally form a bridge to transfer dna to one another

76
Q

how many ways can conjugation occur and what are tey

A

2 –> F+ and F- cells or HFr

77
Q

F+ aka

A

male donor

78
Q

F- aka

A

female recipient

79
Q

pili

A

grabbing hair appendage thingies

80
Q

sex pili

A

pili that are used to grab other bacteria that they wanna conjugate with

81
Q

do the F- and F+ cells have genders

A

nar they js be named that way for fucks and giggles

82
Q

F in conjugation stands for

83
Q

R plasmid

A

antibiotic genes in a plasmid

84
Q

F plasmid

A

fertility genes are here (its just the little circle thing with all fertility genes) — also allow F+ to F- conjugation to occur

85
Q

F+ and F- conjugation —> explain

A

F+ has sex pili that grabs on to the F- and this forms a mating bridge and then the F+ duplicates its F plasmid and sends over the duplicate through the mating bridge and then F- becomes F+ because it has fetility genes to make F+ now

86
Q

Hfr

A

high frequency recombination cells that have an F plasmid and they give them to F-

87
Q

Hfr and F- conjugation —> explain

A

Hfr has sex pili that grabs on to the F- and this forms a mating bridge and then the F+ duplicates its whole chromsome and sends over the duplicate through the mating bridge but since this happens rly fast it doesnt send everythig over so sometimes recombination happens and sometimes it doesnt so their might be F- or Hfr newly made

88
Q

F factor

A

instead of circle thing its js some fertility genes in Hfr

89
Q

transduction

A

when horizontal gene transfer happens through a phage bc a phage infects a bacterial cell so when this happens the phage also gets some of the bacterias dna so then this bacteria shoots it into another bacteria so there might be some recombination

90
Q

generalized transduction

A

due to the lytic cycle and basically any dna can be picked up