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AP Bio > Viruses and Prokaryotes > Flashcards

Viruses and Prokaryotes Flashcards

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1
Q

virus

A

small genome enclosed in a protein capsid

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2
Q

is a virus an organism

A

no bc theyre not made out of cells and all living things must be made out of cells

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3
Q

describe the size of a virus

A

3 - 100 genes and smaller than a ribosome

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4
Q

what is a virus made of

A

capsomere and genome and sometimes envelope

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5
Q

capsomere

A

individual protein units that are repeated around the protein capsid that protect the genome of the virus

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6
Q

genome

A

DNA of virus

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7
Q

where is the phospholipid bilayer in relation to the capsid

A

it can be outside or inside it or even just not there at all

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8
Q

envelope

A

a layer made of phospholipids that is outside of the protein capsid layer

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9
Q

where do most envelopes originate from

A

the virus host

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10
Q

host cell of virus (Use + what virus does to it)

A

viruses use host cells only for replication so they usually don’t kill their host so they can keep replicating

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11
Q

host range

A

the ability of a virus to infect multiple tissue or species –> so like which ones it can hop to

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12
Q

do viruses have a small big or mixed host range

A

mixed

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13
Q

polymerase

A

enzyme needed for replication of DNA or rna (in the case of the virus)

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14
Q

what polymerase do DNA viruses yse

A

the host polymerase

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15
Q

what polymerase do DNA viruses use

A

it brings its own polymerase bc humans don’t operate on RNA

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16
Q

phage

A

a virus that infects and replicates within bacteria, essentially acting as a natural predator of bacteria and archea (the yellow thingies next to the birds)

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17
Q

describe the genome of phages

A

double stranded DNA

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18
Q

lytic cycle aka

A

virulent phage

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19
Q

lysogenic cycle aka

A

temperate phage

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20
Q

in what ways can phages reproduce

A

lytic and lysogenic cycles

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21
Q

lytic cycle

A

virus attaches to bacteria cell wall and insert its dna to hijack the cells ribosomes and other stuff so that it repllicates the virus dna and proteins. so basicaly a bunch of viruses are in the bacteria and then it opens and all the little phages bust out and crawl all over

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22
Q

lysogenic cycle

A

virus attaches to bacteria cell receptors and also breaks the chromosome to put itself into the chromosme. then the bacteria does binary fission and makes a bunch of prophages bc its inserted in its dna

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23
Q

what are the main groups of prokaryotes

A

bacteria and archea

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24
Q

how many shapes of bacteria and archea are there and what are they

A

3: Spherical (cocci)
Rod-shaped (bacilli)
Spiral (spirillum spirochetes)

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25
what kind of prokaryote has peptidoglyan and where is it
bacteria in cell wall
26
why is gram staining done
to differentiate between different types of bacteria (thick or thing peptidoglycan -- antibiotic resistant or no)
27
can a phage do both reproductive cycles
no
28
why are viruses able to bind to bacteria cell walls
because they take advantage of the cell receptors and bind to them even tho its not for them
29
prophage
genetic information of the virus after it has been inserted and incorporated into the bacterial DNA
30
animal virus reproduction is done with what tyep of genes
rna
31
are animal viruses supposed to kill the host
not supposed to
32
animal virus reproduction
ok so basically the glycoproteins outside of the virus envelope attach to the host cell receptors (trick) and then it puts its viral genome in the host and also the capsid --- the rna basically makes mrna --> dna --> protein (casid and glycoproteins for envelope) and then they pop out as new viruses, using the membrane as its new envelope
33
purpose of animal virus reproduction
to make more virus cells
34
retrovirus
A retrovirus is a type of virus that inserts a DNA copy of its RNA genome into the DNA of a host cell that it invades, thus changing the genome of that cell
35
reverse transcriptase
enzyme that turns rna into dna
36
ssRNA stands for
single stranded RNA
37
how do ssrna viruses work
glycoproteins on virus trick receptors in t-helper cell and allows virus and cell to fuse, break down capsid, and release viral RNA and enzymes (reverse transcriptase + integrase) into the cell then use RT to make ssdna and then to make double strand and then integrase takes into nucleus + ribosomes to put in dna and also make viral proteins to make more virus cells (bc they all float to membrane to bud off) to produce and nobody notices anything is wrong bc its t-helper cell
38
integrase
enzyme that takes the double stranded dna (made from host nucleotide and viral rna) and brings it into the nuclear pores to put itself into the host dna in the nucleus
39
are viruses and bacteria the same thing explain
no bacteria are alive (prokaryotes!!!) anywhere while viruses are not alive and can only survive in host
40
what domain are viruses classified as
NONE BC THEY ARE NOT ALIVE SO NOT CLASSIFIED REMEMBER ME CUHHH
41
all bacteria are dangerous and cause disease true or false
false not all cause disease
42
how were viruses discovered
discovered from cells bc viruses (dna and rna) have the ability to
43
archea meaning
ancient
44
why are archea called ancient
Called that way because they evolve much less and are also Believed to be where eukaryotes came from
45
what are the prokaryotic demains and how many are there
2 --> bacteria and archea
46
how many shapes of prokaryotes and what are they
3 shapes --> spherical, rod shaped, spiral
47
name of sphereical prokaryotes
cocci
48
name of rod shaped prokaryotes
bacilli
49
name of spiral prokaryotes
spirillum spirochetes
50
what is gram staining for
when you stain to find out if a bacteria is antibiotic resistant or not to see how dangerous it is and if you need antibiotics
51
order of staining for gram staining
Crystal violet → iodine → alcohol, safranin dye
52
endospores
a duplicate of bacterial chromosome in a hard tough structure without moisture that doesnt die and lasts centuries until they lyse --> done to preserve
53
what are the capsules made of
made of anything
54
where are capsules always located
always on the outside of the wall
55
purpose of the capsule
js for latching onto other stuff and sometimes js for protection against stuff or drying out
56
what is the driving force of binary fission
mutations
57
do all bacteria have capsules
no only some
58
how do prokaryotes reproduce
asexually through binary fission
59
binary fission
copy circular chromosome; split the cell; grow FATTY FATTY FATTY
60
nucleoid
where DNA stays in the same region bc theres no nucleus
61
plasmid
extra circular dna with accessory genes that ont all prokarytoes have
62
are viruses prokarytoes
no bc theyre not living
63
describe the internal organization of prokarytoes (why they diff from eukarytoes)
no membrane bound organelles but they can still do membrane bound processes bc they have membrane infoldings
64
how do bacteria and archea move
with flagella or flagellum
65
flagella is what type of strucutre
analagous bc it has evloved to have diff functions but same look for lots of archae + bacteria (CONVERENT EVOLUTION)
66
taxis
when prokarytoe moves toward the stimuli
67
process of gram staining
stain with crystal violet and then iodine to wash and then alcohol -- if stay violet its bc thye have fat peptidoclycan and are nice if not they have skinny peptidoclycan so they lose purple and turn evil pink
68
gram negative bacteria
more dangerous (pink = look nice but poison) bacteria that can block antibiotics and has a thin peptidoglycan wall
69
gram positive bacteria
less dangerous bacteria (purple POWER) that has a thick peptidoclyan wall and no antibitic resistant
70
transformation
dna from one species can go into a bacteria and change the phenotype genotype or both and this can work by going in chromosome or js fail bc it dont go in
71
how many types of transduction are there and what are they
2 specialized and generalized
72
how do bacteria pass on genes
horizontal gene transfer
73
how does bacteria do horizontal gene transfer
transformation transduction and conjugation
74
horizontal gene transfer
the movement of genetic material between organisms, other than from parent to offspring
75
conjugation (simple def)
2 bacterial cells intentionally form a bridge to transfer dna to one another
76
how many ways can conjugation occur and what are tey
2 --> F+ and F- cells or HFr
77
F+ aka
male donor
78
F- aka
female recipient
79
pili
grabbing hair appendage thingies
80
sex pili
pili that are used to grab other bacteria that they wanna conjugate with
81
do the F- and F+ cells have genders
nar they js be named that way for fucks and giggles
82
F in conjugation stands for
fertility
83
R plasmid
antibiotic genes in a plasmid
84
F plasmid
fertility genes are here (its just the little circle thing with all fertility genes) --- also allow F+ to F- conjugation to occur
85
F+ and F- conjugation ---> explain
F+ has sex pili that grabs on to the F- and this forms a mating bridge and then the F+ duplicates its F plasmid and sends over the duplicate through the mating bridge and then F- becomes F+ because it has fetility genes to make F+ now
86
Hfr
high frequency recombination cells that have an F plasmid and they give them to F-
87
Hfr and F- conjugation ---> explain
Hfr has sex pili that grabs on to the F- and this forms a mating bridge and then the F+ duplicates its whole chromsome and sends over the duplicate through the mating bridge but since this happens rly fast it doesnt send everythig over so sometimes recombination happens and sometimes it doesnt so their might be F- or Hfr newly made
88
F factor
instead of circle thing its js some fertility genes in Hfr
89
transduction
when horizontal gene transfer happens through a phage bc a phage infects a bacterial cell so when this happens the phage also gets some of the bacterias dna so then this bacteria shoots it into another bacteria so there might be some recombination
90
generalized transduction
due to the lytic cycle and basically any dna can be picked up
91

AP Bio (70 decks)

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