Viruses and Prokaryotes Flashcards
virus
small genome enclosed in a protein capsid
is a virus an organism
no bc theyre not made out of cells and all living things must be made out of cells
describe the size of a virus
3 - 100 genes and smaller than a ribosome
what is a virus made of
capsomere and genome and sometimes envelope
capsomere
individual protein units that are repeated around the protein capsid that protect the genome of the virus
genome
DNA of virus
where is the phospholipid bilayer in relation to the capsid
it can be outside or inside it or even just not there at all
envelope
a layer made of phospholipids that is outside of the protein capsid layer
where do most envelopes originate from
the virus host
host cell of virus (Use + what virus does to it)
viruses use host cells only for replication so they usually don’t kill their host so they can keep replicating
host range
the ability of a virus to infect multiple tissue or species –> so like which ones it can hop to
do viruses have a small big or mixed host range
mixed
polymerase
enzyme needed for replication of DNA or rna (in the case of the virus)
what polymerase do DNA viruses yse
the host polymerase
what polymerase do DNA viruses use
it brings its own polymerase bc humans don’t operate on RNA
phage
a virus that infects and replicates within bacteria, essentially acting as a natural predator of bacteria and archea (the yellow thingies next to the birds)
describe the genome of phages
double stranded DNA
lytic cycle aka
virulent phage
lysogenic cycle aka
temperate phage
in what ways can phages reproduce
lytic and lysogenic cycles
lytic cycle
virus attaches to bacteria cell wall and insert its dna to hijack the cells ribosomes and other stuff so that it repllicates the virus dna and proteins. so basicaly a bunch of viruses are in the bacteria and then it opens and all the little phages bust out and crawl all over
lysogenic cycle
virus attaches to bacteria cell receptors and also breaks the chromosome to put itself into the chromosme. then the bacteria does binary fission and makes a bunch of prophages bc its inserted in its dna
what are the main groups of prokaryotes
bacteria and archea
how many shapes of bacteria and archea are there and what are they
3: Spherical (cocci)
Rod-shaped (bacilli)
Spiral (spirillum spirochetes)
what kind of prokaryote has peptidoglyan and where is it
bacteria in cell wall
why is gram staining done
to differentiate between different types of bacteria (thick or thing peptidoglycan – antibiotic resistant or no)
can a phage do both reproductive cycles
no
why are viruses able to bind to bacteria cell walls
because they take advantage of the cell receptors and bind to them even tho its not for them
prophage
genetic information of the virus after it has been inserted and incorporated into the bacterial DNA
