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AP Bio > The Processes of Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

The Processes of Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Glycolysis literally menas

A

sugar splitting

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2
Q

Glycolysis is

A

when 1 molecule of glucose (a 6-carbon compound) is transformed into 2 moecules of pyruvic acid (a 3 carbon compound)

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3
Q

how many steps does glycolysis have

A

10

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4
Q

how many sets of phases is it broken into

A

2

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5
Q

what are the names of the sets that the steps of glycolysis is broken into

A

energy investment and energy pay off

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6
Q

where does the energy investment phase occur in the cell

A

cytoplasm of the cell

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7
Q

How many ATP molecules start glyclolysis

A

2

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8
Q

What happens to both ATP moleucles at the start of the energy investment phase?

A

they are both turned into ADP by 1 phosphate group being taken away

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9
Q

Phosphate groups are then added to _____

A

glucose to make fructose diphosphate

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10
Q

fructose diphosphate splits into two…

A

PGAL

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11
Q

ATP turning into ADP is ___ by an enzyme

A

catalyzed

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12
Q

where is the smallest amount of energy used to produce ATP (90% is still available in glucose)

A

glycolysis

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13
Q

what are the products of the energy investment phase

A

2 ADP and 2 PGAL (3-carbon compounds)

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14
Q

What are the reactants of the energy pay off stage

A

2 PGAL 2NAD+ 4 ADP

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15
Q

What are the products of the energy pay off phase

A

2 pyruvic acid (3 carbon compounds ) 2 NADH and 4 ATP

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16
Q

What is the net gain of glycolysis

A

2 ATP

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17
Q

synthesize

A

to bring together as a whole

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18
Q

What step is after glycolysis

A

Intermediate phase

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19
Q

the KREBS cycle is aka

A

the citric acid cycle

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20
Q

where does the KREBS cycle coccur

A

matrix of mitochondria

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21
Q

each step in glycolysis is…

A

catalyzed by an enzyme

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22
Q

What happens in the intermediate step

A

the 2 pyruvates are going into the mitochondrial matrix from the cytoplasm of the cell

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23
Q

In the intermediate step…

A

NAD+ grabs 2H+ and 2e- (2 protons and 2 electrons) to make NADH and H+

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24
Q

What is the waste product of the intermediate step

A

CO2

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25
Q

In the intermediate step, when there is a loss in carbon, what is the result

A

formation of acetic acid which attaches to coenzymeA to make Acetyl Coa

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26
Q

Acetyl CoA is made in the

A

mitochondria (intermediate step)

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27
Q

coenzyme

A

vitamin that helps enzymes to work

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28
Q

does glycolysis need oxygen

A

no

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29
Q

What is the main function of the KREBS cycle

A

to break down pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide in a series of energy extracting reactions (it is oxidized)

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30
Q

Why is the KREBS cycle aka the citric acid cycle

A

bc citric is the first compound formed in this series of reactions

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31
Q

what do you need to go from glycolysis to the intermediate phase

A

oxygen

32
Q

First step of KREBs cycle

A

Acetyl-Coa enters matrix of mitochondrion

33
Q

Second step of KREBS cycle

A

coA leaves system, which goes into the KREBS cycle

34
Q

Third step of KREBS cycle

A

Acetyl CoA rects with 4 carbon molecule which makes a 6 carbon molecule known as CITRIC ACID

35
Q

The KREBS cycle is an _____ process

A

aerobic

36
Q

What is produced in the KREBS cycle

A

2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4 CO2

37
Q

What is the fourth step of the KREBS cycle

A

Citric acid is oxidized and transfers electrons and hydrogens to NAD+ which turns into NADH and also creates a 5 carbon molecule

38
Q

During each transfer of electrons and protons in the KREBS cycle what else is released

A

CO2

39
Q

What other electron carrier molecule is produced during the KREBS cycle

A

FADH2

40
Q

For every glucose molecule used ____ intermediate and KREBS cycles are performed

A

2

41
Q

Why are 2 intermediate and KREB cycles performed for every glucose molecule

A

bc glycolysis produces 2 pyruvic acids which is what starts the cycles

42
Q

What is the last step of cellular respiration?

A

Electron transport chain

43
Q

Where does the electron transport chain occur

A

inner membrane/cristae

44
Q

Which step in cellular respiration has the bulk of the energy

A

electron transport chain

45
Q

Why does the electron transport chain extract so much energy from its reactants

A

bc oxygen is at the end of the chain which is one of the worlds most powerful electron acceptors

46
Q

What is the first step of the electron transport chain?

A

NADH and FADH2 pass their high energy electrons to the electron transport chain (turning them into NAD+ and FAD)

47
Q

What is the second step of the electron transport chain?

A

The high energy electrons are passed from protein carrier to protein carrier

47
Q

what happens while The high energy electrons are passed from protein to protein (-2e)

A

the proteins pump H+ across the cristae

48
Q

What makes up the electron transport chain

A

a series of proteins, 1/2 O2 and ATP synthase

49
Q

What happens when the electrons reach the 1/2 O2

A

they bind and make water (byproduct) THIS PART OF THE PROCESS STOPS

50
Q

What is the fifth step of the electron transport chain

A

H+ pumped across ATP synthase and makes 28 ATP

51
Q

Why is the energy investment phase called that?

A

bc it consumes energy

52
Q

Energy investment is catalyzed by an ______

A

enzyme

53
Q

In the energy pay off phase, how is NAD+ turned into NADH and ADP into ATP

A

adding a phosphate group and getting electrons

54
Q

What is needed to move from the energy pay off phase to the intermediate phase

A

oxygen

55
Q

How is acetic acid formed in the intermediate phase

A

it is formed when 1 carbon atom from the pyruvic acid is taken away to form CO2

56
Q

What are products of the intermediate phase?

A

2 NADH, 2 H+, and acetyl-coA

57
Q

what is the KREBs cycle aka

A

citric acid cycle

58
Q

where does the KREBs cycle occur

A

in the matrix of the mitochondria

59
Q

What is the fifth step of the KREBs cycle?

A

Citric acid is oxidized and transfers electrons and hydrogens to NAD+ which turns into NADH and also creates a 4 carbon molecule

60
Q

What is the sixth step of the KREBs cycle?

A

the 4 carbon molecule undergoes a chemical process in which it is turned into another 4 carbon molecule

61
Q

What is released in the sixth step of the KREBs cycle

A

releases eergy which turns ADP to ATP

62
Q

What is the seventh step of the KREBs cycle?

A

the new 4 carbon molecule is oxidized which turns FAD into FADH2

63
Q

What is FAD

A

flavine adenine dinucleotide

64
Q

what is FADH2

A

a high energy electron carrier

65
Q

What is the eight step of the KREBS cycle

A

step 7 repeats with the same product

66
Q

oxidize

A

transfer electrons and hydrogens (water)

67
Q

how many times does the KREBS cycle always occur and why

A

twice once for each pyruvic acid

68
Q

What kind of respiration is the electron transport chain

A

aerobic respiration

69
Q

What is the main goal of the electron transport chain

A

uses the high energy electrons from glycolysis and the KREBs cycle (stored in the high energy electron carriers) to convert ADP into ATP

70
Q

where is the electron transport chain located in eukaryotes

A

cristae

71
Q

where is the electron transport chain located in prokaryotes

A

cell membrane

72
Q

How many high energy electrons are passed from protein carrier to protein carrier at a time in the electron transport chain

A

2 at a time

73
Q

what is the final amount of ATP made in cellular respiration

A

32

74
Q

what is the math to get to 32 ATP

A

Every NADH = 2.5 ATP and there are 10 NADH = 25 ATP
Every FADH2 = 1.5 ATP and there are 2 FADH2 = 3 ATP
From the KREBs cycle = 2 ATP
From Glycolysis = 2 ATP
+___________
32 ATP

AP Bio (67 decks)

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