The Processes of Cellular Respiration Flashcards
Glycolysis literally menas
sugar splitting
Glycolysis is
when 1 molecule of glucose (a 6-carbon compound) is transformed into 2 moecules of pyruvic acid (a 3 carbon compound)
how many steps does glycolysis have
10
how many sets of phases is it broken into
2
what are the names of the sets that the steps of glycolysis is broken into
energy investment and energy pay off
where does the energy investment phase occur in the cell
cytoplasm of the cell
How many ATP molecules start glyclolysis
2
What happens to both ATP moleucles at the start of the energy investment phase?
they are both turned into ADP by 1 phosphate group being taken away
Phosphate groups are then added to _____
glucose to make fructose diphosphate
fructose diphosphate splits into two…
PGAL
ATP turning into ADP is ___ by an enzyme
catalyzed
where is the smallest amount of energy used to produce ATP (90% is still available in glucose)
glycolysis
what are the products of the energy investment phase
2 ADP and 2 PGAL (3-carbon compounds)
What are the reactants of the energy pay off stage
2 PGAL 2NAD+ 4 ADP
What are the products of the energy pay off phase
2 pyruvic acid (3 carbon compounds ) 2 NADH and 4 ATP
What is the net gain of glycolysis
2 ATP
synthesize
to bring together as a whole
What step is after glycolysis
Intermediate phase
the KREBS cycle is aka
the citric acid cycle
where does the KREBS cycle coccur
matrix of mitochondria
each step in glycolysis is…
catalyzed by an enzyme
What happens in the intermediate step
the 2 pyruvates are going into the mitochondrial matrix from the cytoplasm of the cell
In the intermediate step…
NAD+ grabs 2H+ and 2e- (2 protons and 2 electrons) to make NADH and H+
What is the waste product of the intermediate step
CO2
In the intermediate step, when there is a loss in carbon, what is the result
formation of acetic acid which attaches to coenzymeA to make Acetyl Coa
Acetyl CoA is made in the
mitochondria (intermediate step)
coenzyme
vitamin that helps enzymes to work
does glycolysis need oxygen
no
What is the main function of the KREBS cycle
to break down pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide in a series of energy extracting reactions (it is oxidized)
Why is the KREBS cycle aka the citric acid cycle
bc citric is the first compound formed in this series of reactions
what do you need to go from glycolysis to the intermediate phase
oxygen
First step of KREBs cycle
Acetyl-Coa enters matrix of mitochondrion
Second step of KREBS cycle
coA leaves system, which goes into the KREBS cycle
Third step of KREBS cycle
Acetyl CoA rects with 4 carbon molecule which makes a 6 carbon molecule known as CITRIC ACID
The KREBS cycle is an _____ process
aerobic
What is produced in the KREBS cycle
2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4 CO2
What is the fourth step of the KREBS cycle
Citric acid is oxidized and transfers electrons and hydrogens to NAD+ which turns into NADH and also creates a 5 carbon molecule
During each transfer of electrons and protons in the KREBS cycle what else is released
CO2
What other electron carrier molecule is produced during the KREBS cycle
FADH2
For every glucose molecule used ____ intermediate and KREBS cycles are performed
2
Why are 2 intermediate and KREB cycles performed for every glucose molecule
bc glycolysis produces 2 pyruvic acids which is what starts the cycles
What is the last step of cellular respiration?
Electron transport chain
Where does the electron transport chain occur
inner membrane/cristae
Which step in cellular respiration has the bulk of the energy
electron transport chain
Why does the electron transport chain extract so much energy from its reactants
bc oxygen is at the end of the chain which is one of the worlds most powerful electron acceptors
What is the first step of the electron transport chain?
NADH and FADH2 pass their high energy electrons to the electron transport chain (turning them into NAD+ and FAD)
What is the second step of the electron transport chain?
The high energy electrons are passed from protein carrier to protein carrier
what happens while The high energy electrons are passed from protein to protein (-2e)
the proteins pump H+ across the cristae
What makes up the electron transport chain
a series of proteins, 1/2 O2 and ATP synthase
What happens when the electrons reach the 1/2 O2
they bind and make water (byproduct) THIS PART OF THE PROCESS STOPS
What is the fifth step of the electron transport chain
H+ pumped across ATP synthase and makes 28 ATP
Why is the energy investment phase called that?
bc it consumes energy
Energy investment is catalyzed by an ______
enzyme
In the energy pay off phase, how is NAD+ turned into NADH and ADP into ATP
adding a phosphate group and getting electrons
What is needed to move from the energy pay off phase to the intermediate phase
oxygen
How is acetic acid formed in the intermediate phase
it is formed when 1 carbon atom from the pyruvic acid is taken away to form CO2
What are products of the intermediate phase?
2 NADH, 2 H+, and acetyl-coA
what is the KREBs cycle aka
citric acid cycle
where does the KREBs cycle occur
in the matrix of the mitochondria
What is the fifth step of the KREBs cycle?
Citric acid is oxidized and transfers electrons and hydrogens to NAD+ which turns into NADH and also creates a 4 carbon molecule
What is the sixth step of the KREBs cycle?
the 4 carbon molecule undergoes a chemical process in which it is turned into another 4 carbon molecule
What is released in the sixth step of the KREBs cycle
releases eergy which turns ADP to ATP
What is the seventh step of the KREBs cycle?
the new 4 carbon molecule is oxidized which turns FAD into FADH2
What is FAD
flavine adenine dinucleotide
what is FADH2
a high energy electron carrier
What is the eight step of the KREBS cycle
step 7 repeats with the same product
oxidize
transfer electrons and hydrogens (water)
how many times does the KREBS cycle always occur and why
twice once for each pyruvic acid
What kind of respiration is the electron transport chain
aerobic respiration
What is the main goal of the electron transport chain
uses the high energy electrons from glycolysis and the KREBs cycle (stored in the high energy electron carriers) to convert ADP into ATP
where is the electron transport chain located in eukaryotes
cristae
where is the electron transport chain located in prokaryotes
cell membrane
How many high energy electrons are passed from protein carrier to protein carrier at a time in the electron transport chain
2 at a time
what is the final amount of ATP made in cellular respiration
32
what is the math to get to 32 ATP
Every NADH = 2.5 ATP and there are 10 NADH = 25 ATP
Every FADH2 = 1.5 ATP and there are 2 FADH2 = 3 ATP
From the KREBs cycle = 2 ATP
From Glycolysis = 2 ATP
+___________
32 ATP
