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AP Bio > The Processes of Photosynthesis > Flashcards

The Processes of Photosynthesis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Photosystems

A

clusters of chlorophyll and proteins in thylakoids

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2
Q

Why are photosystems essential to photosynthesis

A

bc they are surrounded by accessory pigments

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3
Q

Photosystems are a part of

A

photosynthesis

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4
Q

what is the function of photosystems

A

to absorb sunlight and generate high energy electrons which are passed to electron carriers in the thylakoid membrane

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5
Q

Do all plants have the same photosystems

A

no

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6
Q

How many photosystems are there

A

2

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7
Q

what are the names of the photosystems

A

photosystem 1 and photosystem 2 (but in roman numerals )

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8
Q

Which photosystem comes first in photosynthesis

A

photosystem 2

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9
Q

What is the function of photosystem 2

A

to absorb light to kickstart the light-dependent reactions (aka photosynthesis)

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10
Q

Where is light absorbed in photosystem 2

A

electrons in the pigments

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11
Q

What is the symbol for high energy electrons

A

e-

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12
Q

What happens to the electrons after they absorb the light energy

A

they are passed down to the electron transport chain

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13
Q

is an electron transport chain included in photosystem 1

A

yeessss

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14
Q

where is the electron transport chain found

A

thylakoid membrane

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15
Q

what is the electron transport chain

A

a series of electron carrier proteins that move high energy electrons during ATP generated reactions

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16
Q

Is the electron transport chain in cellular respiration and photosynthesis the same?

A

no

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17
Q

What is the last step of photosystem 2

A

enzymes on the inner surface of the thylakoid membrane break up water into 2 electrons, 2 H+ and 1 oxygen

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18
Q

Since the high energy electrons are always transferred to the electron transport chain does chlorophyll ever run out of electrons?

A

no the electrons that are transferred to the electron transport chain are replaced by electrons that are released when enzymes break down water

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19
Q

What signalizes the end of photosystem 2

A

water is broken down by enzymes

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20
Q

Is there a step between photosystem 2 and photosystem 1?

A

yesh - intermediate step - electron transport chain

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21
Q

what happens in the intermediate step of photosynthesis?

A

energy in electrons is used to pump H+ ions through proteins from the stroma into the thylakoid space

22
Q

What are the products/byproducts of photosystem 1?

A

1 oxygen - byproduct and 2 electrons and 2 H+ -> products

23
Q

at the end of the electron transport chain…

A

electrons transfer to photosystem 1

24
Q

Do electrons have the same energy when they reach photosystem 1?

A

no bc some energy has been used to pump H+ ions across the thylakoid membrane

25
Q

How does photosystem 1 compensate for the loss of energy in the electrons

A

pigments in photosystem 1 use energy from light to reenergize electrons

26
Q

How many electron transport chains are in photosynthesis?

A

2

27
Q

What happens in the second electron transport chain

A

NADP+ molecules in the stroma pick up the high energy electrons and H+ ions on the outer surface of the thylakoid membrane to become NADPH

28
Q

What is the charge of the stroma

A

negative

29
Q

why is the stroma negatively charged

A

bc of the accumulation of hydrogen ions that were pumped into it

30
Q

gradient

A

an area over which something changes

31
Q

Can H+ ions cross the membrane directly

A

no bc they are ions

32
Q

How do H+ ions pass through the membrane

A

through the ATP synthase

33
Q

what is the ATP synthase powered by

A

gradient

34
Q

What provides the energy to make ATP

A

the difference in both charge and H+ ion concentration across the membrane

35
Q

As H+ ions travel through the ATP synthase it

A

rotates

36
Q

What happens as the ATP synthase rotates

A

it binds a phosphate group to ADP to produce ATP

37
Q

chemiosmosis

A

the process in which a phospate group is added to ADP to create ATP

38
Q

What are the final products of photosynthesis

A

ATP and NADPH

39
Q

the light independent reactions are aka

A

calvin cycle

40
Q

What are the reactants of the calvin cycle

A

NADPH ATP and O2

41
Q

What factors influence the rate of photosynthesis

A

temperature, light intensity, and the availability of water

42
Q

Where does the carbon dioxide enter from

A

atmosphere

43
Q

What happens to the carbon dioxide once it enters the calvin cycle

A

an enzyme in the stroma binds it to 6 5-carbon compounds that are already present in the organelle

44
Q

How many carbon dioxide molecules enter the organelle

A

6

45
Q

what is created when 6CO2 binds with 6 5-carbon compounds

A

twelve 3-carbon compounds

46
Q

As the 3-carbon compounds move through the cycle what occurs

A

they gain energy from ATP and NADPH in the stroma

47
Q

At midcycle two of the twelve 3-carbon molecules are ____ from the cycle

A

removed

48
Q

what happens to the two 3-carbon molecules that leave the cycle

A

they become the building blocks that the plant cell uses to profuce sugars, lipids, amino acids, and other compounds

49
Q

What happens to the remaining 10 3-carbon molecules

A

they are converted back into six 5-carbon molecules which combine with six new carbon dioxide molecules to begin the next cycle.

50
Q

What are the products of the calvin cycle

A

C6H12O6 and other carbohydrates (3-carbon molecules that leave), 3 ADP and 2 NADP+ (transfer of energy in calvin cycle)and also removes CO2 from the atmosphere

AP Bio (67 decks)

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