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AP Bio > Other Patterns of Inheritance > Flashcards

Other Patterns of Inheritance Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How many exceptions are there to Mendel’s principles? (That we learned)

A

CUATRO

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2
Q

What are the CUATRO exceptions to Mendel’s principles?

A

Multiple alleles, polygenic traits, incomplete dominance, and codominance

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3
Q

What are a majority of hooman traits

A

polygenic traits

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4
Q

Polygenic Traits

A

Traits that are controlled by more than one GENE

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5
Q

What are some examples of polygenic traits?

A

fruit fly eyes, human skin color, human height

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6
Q

Multiple Alleles

A

Many genes have more than two alleles rather than just two like (Tt)

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7
Q

What are some examples of traits controlled by multiple alleles?

A

ABO blood typing

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8
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

heterozygous genotype and you get a blend of both traits

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9
Q

What are some examples of incomplete dominance?

A

some flowers such as the 4’o’clock flower

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10
Q

Codominance

A

heterozygous and you can CLEEEARLY see both of the alleles (red + white)

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11
Q

________ _______ can affect gene expression and influence genetically determined traits

A

Environmental Conditions

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12
Q

Complete dominance

A

when you are heterozygous for a trait, the dominant allele is seen in the phenotype

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13
Q

What is another term for Environmental Conditions

A

epigenetic

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14
Q

What are some examples of environmental conditions affecting organisms?

A

The amount of red blood cells produced, the darker pigmentation in butterfly wings

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15
Q

How are butterfly wings affected by environmental conditions?

A

The pigmentation of their wings is lighter in spring because they need to absorb less sunlight and is darker in winter because they need to absorb more sunlight (to absorb heat and to dry)

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16
Q

Are all traits affected by environmental conditions?

A

no

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17
Q

Mendelian Inheritance

A

combination of postulates that mendel created

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18
Q

What is the difference between polygenic traits and multiple alleles?

A

Multiple alleles — different forms of genes control a single gene
Polygenic traits —- multiple genes control a single trait

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19
Q

What type of genotypic/phenotypic relationship is the most common in life

A

incomplete dominance

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20
Q

How can you tell if something is a polygenic trait

A

if its not determined by a specific one choice or another (like height isn’t you’re either 3’2 or 6’5 or hair color isn’t black or white)

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21
Q

Universal donor

A

O-

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22
Q

Universal acceptor

A

AB+

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23
Q

What kind of antigens does type A blood have

A

a antigens

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24
Q

What kind of antigens does type b blood have

A

b antigens

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25
Q

What kind of antigens does type AB blood have

A

a and b antigens

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26
Q

What kind of antigens does type O blood have

A

no (0) antigens

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27
Q

why is type AB+ blood considered the universal acceptor

A

bc it recognizes all proteins (both a and b) so it can get type a and type b blood. it can also get type o blood bc it has not antigens to recognize in the first place

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28
Q

why is type o- considered universal donor

A

bc it has not proteins(antigens) on its surface so it doesn’t trigger an attack response of the proteins on its surface bc there aren’t any

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29
Q

example of multiple alleles irl

A

ABO blood typing

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30
Q

what is the recessive allele in ABO blood type

A

O (i)

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31
Q

Polygenic traits can be multiple alleles
True or False

A

True

32
Q

Nature vs. Nurture

A

do environmental factors change our body or genes

33
Q

are the phenotypic/genotypic relationships mutually exclusive

A

NOOOOOOOO U CAN HAVE MORE THAN ONE SLAY

34
Q

multifactorial characters

A

things can change ur body according to the environment but a VERY SMALL amt of this can be controlled by genes

35
Q

examples of things that are affected by multifactorial characters

A

number of blood cells

36
Q

Pedigree

A

Family tree following one characteristic one generation to the next

37
Q

examples of recessively inherited disorders

A

cystic fibrosis, Tay Sachs disease, and sickle-cell disease

38
Q

Why does cystic fibrosis occur

A

Malfunctioning tissues because cell membrane proteins cannot transport chloride ions

39
Q

What does cystic fibrosis cause

A

Serious digestive problems thick heavy mucus which clogs lungs and pancreas and bacterial infection

40
Q

Is cystic fibrosis a recessive or dominant disorder

A

Recessive

41
Q

Why are there many people with cystic fibrosis even though it is fatal

A

Because when there is only one copy of the CF allele it is not expressed and instead fights against other diseases

42
Q

why is being heterozygous for _____ good

A

SICKLE CELL DISEASE
bc you will only be a carrier and you are immune to malaria

43
Q

In pedigrees, squares represent

A

males

44
Q

circles in pedigrees are

A

females

45
Q

In pedigrees, a vertical line and a bracket connects

A

parent to children/siblings

46
Q

In pedigrees, non shaded shapes represent

A

no expression of trait

47
Q

in pedigrees shaded shapes represent

A

expression of trait

48
Q

In pedigrees, horizontal lines between males and females represent

A

mating

49
Q

In pedigrees, half shaded, half not shaded shapes represent

A

Heterozygous for trait or could be one of two genotypes - no way of knowing for sure

50
Q

Tay Sachs Disease

A

vesicle eats fat and then it stays in a neuron and all them fat vesicles accumulate which impedes brain function

51
Q

Tay Sachs disease age expectancy? treatment?

A

death and no treatment

52
Q

sickle cell disease caused

A

Caused by a defective allele for beta globin

53
Q

Is sickle cell disease recessive or dominant

A

recessive

54
Q

Beta globin

A

One of the two polypeptides in hemoglobin

55
Q

What is the life expectancy of someone with sickle cell disease

A

42-47

56
Q

Why is the defective allele for beta globin bad

A

It makes hemoglobin less soluble which causes it molecules stick together when the blood oxygen level decreases This causes the molecules to clump into Long fibers making the cell sickle shaped

57
Q

sickle cells are bad because

A

Sickle cells are more rigid than red blood cells which makes them stick to the walls of capillaries Which causes blockages of blood flow

58
Q

Is there a cure for sickle cell disease

A

bone marrow transplant

59
Q

heterozygote advantage

A

good for sickle cell disease because u become immune to malaria

60
Q

sickle cell disease is ____

A

codominant

61
Q

examples of dominantly inherited disorders

A

huntington’s disease and achondroplasia

62
Q

hungtingon’s disease

A

by uncontrollable body movements and degeneration of the nervous system; fatal 10 to 20 years upon onset. Neurogological breakdown of neurons in the brain (degeneration) dominant disorder

63
Q

achondroplasia

A

form of dwarfism; bone disorder; dominant disorder

64
Q

multifactorial diseases

A

you and your genetics can have an impact on these diseases

65
Q

examples of multifactorial diseases

A

things with sugar and cardiovascular health and stuff

66
Q

Carrier recognition

A

Carrier testing looking to see if you have a recessive allele. Can be discovered before birth or conception.

67
Q

Amniocentesis done when

A

14-16th week of pregnancy

68
Q

amniocentesis?

A

commonly done on OLD woman; test if the kid in the womb has a disease

69
Q

amniocentesis process

A

take amniotic fluid by sticking needle in abdomen and then making a karyotype on the fetal cells and see if there’s disorders

70
Q

chorionic villus sampling done when

A

8-10th week of pregnancy

71
Q

chorionic villus sampling process

A

stick a tube in the vaginal opening and take cells from the chronic villi from the placenta and do a karyotype on it and do biochem tests to see if there’s diseases

72
Q

PKU

A

prick test on the heel of a newborn baby to test for disorders

73
Q

what is a common disease that is tested for in PKU

A

Phenylketonuria

74
Q

Phenylketonuria

A

when a newborn cant break down phenolthaline and so it gets stuck in the blood which can cause neurological disorders and even death

75
Q

Phenylketonuria cure?

A

no js watch the diet and make sure they don’t eat foods with phenolthaline

AP Bio (67 decks)

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