Other Patterns of Inheritance Flashcards
How many exceptions are there to Mendel’s principles? (That we learned)
CUATRO
What are the CUATRO exceptions to Mendel’s principles?
Multiple alleles, polygenic traits, incomplete dominance, and codominance
What are a majority of hooman traits
polygenic traits
Polygenic Traits
Traits that are controlled by more than one GENE
What are some examples of polygenic traits?
fruit fly eyes, human skin color, human height
Multiple Alleles
Many genes have more than two alleles rather than just two like (Tt)
What are some examples of traits controlled by multiple alleles?
ABO blood typing
Incomplete dominance
heterozygous genotype and you get a blend of both traits
What are some examples of incomplete dominance?
some flowers such as the 4’o’clock flower
Codominance
heterozygous and you can CLEEEARLY see both of the alleles (red + white)
________ _______ can affect gene expression and influence genetically determined traits
Environmental Conditions
Complete dominance
when you are heterozygous for a trait, the dominant allele is seen in the phenotype
What is another term for Environmental Conditions
epigenetic
What are some examples of environmental conditions affecting organisms?
The amount of red blood cells produced, the darker pigmentation in butterfly wings
How are butterfly wings affected by environmental conditions?
The pigmentation of their wings is lighter in spring because they need to absorb less sunlight and is darker in winter because they need to absorb more sunlight (to absorb heat and to dry)
Are all traits affected by environmental conditions?
no
Mendelian Inheritance
combination of postulates that mendel created
What is the difference between polygenic traits and multiple alleles?
Multiple alleles — different forms of genes control a single gene
Polygenic traits —- multiple genes control a single trait
What type of genotypic/phenotypic relationship is the most common in life
incomplete dominance
How can you tell if something is a polygenic trait
if its not determined by a specific one choice or another (like height isn’t you’re either 3’2 or 6’5 or hair color isn’t black or white)
Universal donor
O-
Universal acceptor
AB+
What kind of antigens does type A blood have
a antigens
What kind of antigens does type b blood have
b antigens
What kind of antigens does type AB blood have
a and b antigens
What kind of antigens does type O blood have
no (0) antigens
why is type AB+ blood considered the universal acceptor
bc it recognizes all proteins (both a and b) so it can get type a and type b blood. it can also get type o blood bc it has not antigens to recognize in the first place
why is type o- considered universal donor
bc it has not proteins(antigens) on its surface so it doesn’t trigger an attack response of the proteins on its surface bc there aren’t any
example of multiple alleles irl
ABO blood typing
what is the recessive allele in ABO blood type
O (i)
Polygenic traits can be multiple alleles
True or False
True
Nature vs. Nurture
do environmental factors change our body or genes
are the phenotypic/genotypic relationships mutually exclusive
NOOOOOOOO U CAN HAVE MORE THAN ONE SLAY
multifactorial characters
things can change ur body according to the environment but a VERY SMALL amt of this can be controlled by genes
examples of things that are affected by multifactorial characters
number of blood cells
Pedigree
Family tree following one characteristic one generation to the next
examples of recessively inherited disorders
cystic fibrosis, Tay Sachs disease, and sickle-cell disease
Why does cystic fibrosis occur
Malfunctioning tissues because cell membrane proteins cannot transport chloride ions
What does cystic fibrosis cause
Serious digestive problems thick heavy mucus which clogs lungs and pancreas and bacterial infection
Is cystic fibrosis a recessive or dominant disorder
Recessive
Why are there many people with cystic fibrosis even though it is fatal
Because when there is only one copy of the CF allele it is not expressed and instead fights against other diseases
why is being heterozygous for _____ good
SICKLE CELL DISEASE
bc you will only be a carrier and you are immune to malaria
In pedigrees, squares represent
males
circles in pedigrees are
females
In pedigrees, a vertical line and a bracket connects
parent to children/siblings
In pedigrees, non shaded shapes represent
no expression of trait
in pedigrees shaded shapes represent
expression of trait
In pedigrees, horizontal lines between males and females represent
mating
In pedigrees, half shaded, half not shaded shapes represent
Heterozygous for trait or could be one of two genotypes - no way of knowing for sure
Tay Sachs Disease
vesicle eats fat and then it stays in a neuron and all them fat vesicles accumulate which impedes brain function
Tay Sachs disease age expectancy? treatment?
death and no treatment
sickle cell disease caused
Caused by a defective allele for beta globin
Is sickle cell disease recessive or dominant
recessive
Beta globin
One of the two polypeptides in hemoglobin
What is the life expectancy of someone with sickle cell disease
42-47
Why is the defective allele for beta globin bad
It makes hemoglobin less soluble which causes it molecules stick together when the blood oxygen level decreases This causes the molecules to clump into Long fibers making the cell sickle shaped
sickle cells are bad because
Sickle cells are more rigid than red blood cells which makes them stick to the walls of capillaries Which causes blockages of blood flow
Is there a cure for sickle cell disease
bone marrow transplant
heterozygote advantage
good for sickle cell disease because u become immune to malaria
sickle cell disease is ____
codominant
examples of dominantly inherited disorders
huntington’s disease and achondroplasia
hungtingon’s disease
by uncontrollable body movements and degeneration of the nervous system; fatal 10 to 20 years upon onset. Neurogological breakdown of neurons in the brain (degeneration) dominant disorder
achondroplasia
form of dwarfism; bone disorder; dominant disorder
multifactorial diseases
you and your genetics can have an impact on these diseases
examples of multifactorial diseases
things with sugar and cardiovascular health and stuff
Carrier recognition
Carrier testing looking to see if you have a recessive allele. Can be discovered before birth or conception.
Amniocentesis done when
14-16th week of pregnancy
amniocentesis?
commonly done on OLD woman; test if the kid in the womb has a disease
amniocentesis process
take amniotic fluid by sticking needle in abdomen and then making a karyotype on the fetal cells and see if there’s disorders
chorionic villus sampling done when
8-10th week of pregnancy
chorionic villus sampling process
stick a tube in the vaginal opening and take cells from the chronic villi from the placenta and do a karyotype on it and do biochem tests to see if there’s diseases
PKU
prick test on the heel of a newborn baby to test for disorders
what is a common disease that is tested for in PKU
Phenylketonuria
Phenylketonuria
when a newborn cant break down phenolthaline and so it gets stuck in the blood which can cause neurological disorders and even death
Phenylketonuria cure?
no js watch the diet and make sure they don’t eat foods with phenolthaline
