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AP Bio > Applying Mendel Principles > Flashcards

Applying Mendel Principles Flashcards

1
Q

Probability

A

the likelihood that a particular event will occur

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2
Q

How do you find multiple probabilities of the same event?

A

multiply the probabilities

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3
Q

Probability can be used to predict the outcomes of _______ ________

A

genetic crosses

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4
Q

Homozygous

A

organisms that have 2 identical alleles for a particular gene (TT)

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5
Q

Heterozygous

A

organisms that have 2 different alleles for the same gene (Tt)

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6
Q

How can the probability of genetics be more accurate

A

calculate multiple times

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7
Q

The ______ the number of offspring, the closer the results will be to the predicted values

A

larger

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8
Q

Phenotype

A

physical traits (small, tall, green, etc.)

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9
Q

Genotype

A

genetic make up (TT, Tt, tt)

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10
Q

What determines phenotype?

A

genotype

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11
Q

What determines genotype?

A

inheritance

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12
Q

Punnet square

A

squares that use mathematical probability to help predict the genotype and phenotype combinations in genetic crosses

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13
Q

Who created the punnet square?

A

Reginald Punnet

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14
Q

What do punnet squares create?

A

probable zygotes

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15
Q

How many types of punnet squares are there?

A

2

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16
Q

What are the two types of punnet squares?

A

One-factor cross and two factor cross

17
Q

Genotypic Ratio

A

ratio of the outcome of genotypes from a punnet square (75% TT: 25% Tt)

18
Q

Phenotypic Ratio

A

ratio of the outcomes of phenotypes from a punnet square (75% tall 25: green)

19
Q

Product law of Probabilities

A

when two independent events occur simultaneously, the combined probability of the two outcomes is equal to the product of the individual properties of each outcome

20
Q

Which allele always comes first when solving a punnet square

A

the dominant allele

21
Q

Homo means

A

same

22
Q

Hetero means

A

different

23
Q

How many postulates did Mendel have?

A

4

24
Q

What is Mendel’s first postulate

A

The inheritance of biological characteristics is determined by individual units (genes) which are passed from parent to offspring

25
Q

What is Mendel’s first postulate aka

A

Unit factors are formed in pairs

26
Q

What is Mendel’s second postulate?

A

Dominant traits always suppress the recessive from appearing (in the phenotypes)

27
Q

What is Mendel’s second postulate aka?

A

Dominant and Recessive

28
Q

What is Mendel’s third postulate?

A

In most sexually reproducing organism, each adult has 2 copies of each gene (one from each parent)

29
Q

What is the ratio of percentages that the offspring will be female:male

A

50% : 50%

30
Q

What is Mendel’s fourth postulate?

A

In meiosis, which allele goes into each gamete (for one gene) has NO effect on which allele goes into another gamete (for another gene)

31
Q

Postulate 4 is aka

A

The Law of Independent Assortment

32
Q

Dihybrid cross

A

two-factor cross in which both are heterozygous for both traits (TG x tg —– Tg x tG)

33
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

single-factor cross (both homozygous for one trait) (TT x tt)

34
Q

What type of cross did Mendel use to make Postulate 4?

A

Dihybrid cross

35
Q

What is Mendel’s most famous cross?

A

Dihybrid cross

36
Q

Rule of Multiplication

A

the probability of two or more independent events occurring together can be determined by multiplying their individual probabilities

37
Q

Add up 1 rule

A

When calculating the probability of either one of two events from occurring, it is as simple as adding the probability of each event and then subtracting the probability of both of the events occurring

38
Q

Rule of Addition

A

the probability of any one of two or more mutually exclusive events occurring can be determined by adding their individual probabilities

39
Q

Mutually Exclusive Event

A

if one event happens the other event cannot happen at the same time

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