Applying Mendel Principles Flashcards
Probability
the likelihood that a particular event will occur
How do you find multiple probabilities of the same event?
multiply the probabilities
Probability can be used to predict the outcomes of _______ ________
genetic crosses
Homozygous
organisms that have 2 identical alleles for a particular gene (TT)
Heterozygous
organisms that have 2 different alleles for the same gene (Tt)
How can the probability of genetics be more accurate
calculate multiple times
The ______ the number of offspring, the closer the results will be to the predicted values
larger
Phenotype
physical traits (small, tall, green, etc.)
Genotype
genetic make up (TT, Tt, tt)
What determines phenotype?
genotype
What determines genotype?
inheritance
Punnet square
squares that use mathematical probability to help predict the genotype and phenotype combinations in genetic crosses
Who created the punnet square?
Reginald Punnet
What do punnet squares create?
probable zygotes
How many types of punnet squares are there?
2
What are the two types of punnet squares?
One-factor cross and two factor cross
Genotypic Ratio
ratio of the outcome of genotypes from a punnet square (75% TT: 25% Tt)
Phenotypic Ratio
ratio of the outcomes of phenotypes from a punnet square (75% tall 25: green)
Product law of Probabilities
when two independent events occur simultaneously, the combined probability of the two outcomes is equal to the product of the individual properties of each outcome
Which allele always comes first when solving a punnet square
the dominant allele
Homo means
same
Hetero means
different
How many postulates did Mendel have?
4
What is Mendel’s first postulate
The inheritance of biological characteristics is determined by individual units (genes) which are passed from parent to offspring
What is Mendel’s first postulate aka
Unit factors are formed in pairs
What is Mendel’s second postulate?
Dominant traits always suppress the recessive from appearing (in the phenotypes)
What is Mendel’s second postulate aka?
Dominant and Recessive
What is Mendel’s third postulate?
In most sexually reproducing organism, each adult has 2 copies of each gene (one from each parent)
What is the ratio of percentages that the offspring will be female:male
50% : 50%
What is Mendel’s fourth postulate?
In meiosis, which allele goes into each gamete (for one gene) has NO effect on which allele goes into another gamete (for another gene)
Postulate 4 is aka
The Law of Independent Assortment
Dihybrid cross
two-factor cross in which both are heterozygous for both traits (TG x tg —– Tg x tG)
Monohybrid cross
single-factor cross (both homozygous for one trait) (TT x tt)
What type of cross did Mendel use to make Postulate 4?
Dihybrid cross
What is Mendel’s most famous cross?
Dihybrid cross
Rule of Multiplication
the probability of two or more independent events occurring together can be determined by multiplying their individual probabilities
Add up 1 rule
When calculating the probability of either one of two events from occurring, it is as simple as adding the probability of each event and then subtracting the probability of both of the events occurring
Rule of Addition
the probability of any one of two or more mutually exclusive events occurring can be determined by adding their individual probabilities
Mutually Exclusive Event
if one event happens the other event cannot happen at the same time
