Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein (Translation, etc.)

Question 1

Polypeptides

Answer 1

Long chains of amino acids (polymers)

Question 2

As many as how many different amino acids are commonly found in polypeptides

Answer 2

20

Question 3

The specific amino acid in a polypeptide chain And the order in which they are joined determines the

Answer 3

Shape and functions of different proteins

Question 4

Genetic code

Answer 4

The language of genes which is made of A C G T (for dna) these letters are read in sets of three

Question 5

Is there only one genetic code

Answer 5

No there are multiple genetic codes for codons and anticodons etc.

Question 6

In DNA one word is called a

Answer 6

Triplet

Question 7

In mRNA one word is called a

Answer 7

Codon

Question 8

In tRNA one word is called an

Answer 8

Anti codon

Question 9

All three types of words (Triplets codons and anticodons)

Answer 9

Complement each other

Question 10

For every DNA triplet mRNA codon and tRNA anticodon you have one amino acid because of

Answer 10

Translation

Question 11

How many possible three base codons are there

Answer 11

64 (4x4x4)

Question 12

Wobble effect

Answer 12

Hypothesis at the third base is not very important because the third base in the anticodon faces the wrong way and therefore ppl think that only the first 2 anticodons rly matter bc the orientation is wrong on the other one

Question 13

Synonyms

Answer 13

Amino acids that can be the outcome of more than one codon

Question 14

What do you use to decode codons

Answer 14

Genetic code table

Question 15

How many stop codons are there

Answer 15

3

Question 16

What is the start codon

Answer 16

AUG methionine

Question 17

Do ribosomes always look like ribosomes

Answer 17

No the large and small subunits do not join and appear as ribosomes until they are translating

Question 18

How do ribosomes translate

Answer 18

They use the sequence of codons in the mRNA to assemble amino acids into polypeptide chains

Question 19

Translation

Answer 19

The decoding of MRNA message into a protein

Question 20

What is translation also known as

Answer 20

Protein synthesis

Question 21

Where does protein synthesis take place

Answer 21

Occurs in ribosomes after the transcribe mRNA enters the cells cytoplasm

Question 22

When does translation begin

Answer 22

Begins on a ribosome connect to a MRNA molecule in the cytoplasm

Question 23

What happens after the mRNA connects to the Small subunit of the ribosome in the cytoplasm

Answer 23

The large subunit connects to the small subunit with mRNA

Question 24

what happens in translation after the ribosome is asembled

Answer 24

Methionine the start codon bonds to the P site

Question 25

what happens in translation after methionine starts the making of the polypetide chain

Answer 25

Another tRNA that carries an anti-codon which matches with the next codon of the mRNA bonds to the P site and the previous trna moves to the left into the a site

Question 26

what happens in translation after methionine starts the making of the polypetide chain and there is smth else in the a site now bc it moved

Answer 26

At the same time as the fourth step of translation the bond between tRNA and it’s amino acid is broken in the ribosome helps form a peptide bond between the first and second amino acids

Question 27

What is the sixth step of translation

Answer 27

The first tRNA moves into the e site and exits the ribosome

Question 28

What happens in the seventh step of translation

Answer 28

The cycle continues until a stop codon moves into the a site

Question 29

What is the last step of translation

Answer 29

The ribosome releases a polypeptide chain,mRNA, and tRNA and breaks into two subunits again

Question 30

Gene expression

Answer 30

The way in which DNA, RNA and proteins are involved in putting genetic information into action in living cells

Question 31

E Site

Answer 31

Exit site on ribosome far left

Question 32

A site

Answer 32

Attachment site far right

Question 33

P site

Answer 33

 The one in the middle where are the amino acids join on top of each other to form the polypeptide chain

Question 34

How many sides are there on a ribosome

Answer 34

3

Question 35

where are bound ribosomes

Answer 35

on the rough er

Question 36

polyribosomes

Answer 36

string of ribosomes that read one piece of mRNA

Question 37

describe the movement of polyribosomes

Answer 37

they all move at the same rate and this is done so that alot of proteins can be made from one mRNA

Question 38

ribosome made of

Answer 38

small and large subunits that are made of proteins and rRNA

Question 39

frameshift mutation

Answer 39

the insertion or deletion of nucleotide bases in numbers that are not multiples of three

Question 39

main types of frameshift mutations

Answer 39

insertions and deletions

Question 39

spotaneous mutation

Answer 39

a type of frameshift mutation with no known cause

Question 39

mutagen

Answer 39

a number of physical and chemical agents interact with DNA in ways that cause mutations (type of frameshift mutations)

Question 39

gene

Answer 39

A gene is a region of DNA that can be expressed to produce a final functional product that is either a polypeptide or an RNA molecule (frameshift mutation)

Question 39

which type of base pair substitutions is the most rare

Answer 39

improved protein

Question 39

imporved protein

Answer 39

proteins that become better adaptive

Question 39

detrimental protein

Answer 39

Negative effect, ability to repoduce/surive is lower

Question 40

missense mutation

Answer 40

nucleotide pair substitution that results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid

Question 41

nonsense mutation

Answer 41

causes translation to be terminated prematurely, the resulting polypeptide will be shorter and lead to nonfunctional proteins

Question 42

what are frameshift mutations

Answer 42

when one change causes all the changes after that