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AP Bio > The Molecular Basis of Inheritance (3) > Flashcards

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance (3) Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

DNA strands are

A

Complimentary

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2
Q

Complementary strands

A

Each strand of DNA has the information it needs to make the other strand because of Chargaff‘s rule

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3
Q

Replication

A

 duplication process of DNA The DNA molecule splits into two strands and produces two complementary strands

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4
Q

How many steps are there in replication

A

2

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5
Q

 What is the first step of replication

A

Two strands of DNA are separated forming to replication forks

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6
Q

What is the second step of replication

A

as the new strand forms new bases are added following the rules of base pairing

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7
Q

Replication is carried out by

A

Enzymes

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8
Q

What is the principal enzyme of replication

A

DNA polymerase

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9
Q

DNA polymerase

A

An enzyme that joins individual nucleotides to, produce a new strand of DNA produce sugar phosphate bonds, proofreads new strands

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10
Q

Telomeres

A

DNA at the tips of chromosomes that are nonsensical so that you don’t need it and its just there to chop off and it extends at the 3’ side

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11
Q

Telomerase

A

Special enzyme that adds short repeated DNA sequences to telomeres 

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12
Q

What does telomerase do

A

Helps to prevent genes from being damaged your loss during replication in embryonic cells stem cells and other rapidly dividing cells

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13
Q

Telomerase is often switched off in

A

Adult cells

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14
Q

What form is DNA in in prokaryotes

A

Singular circular chromosome

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15
Q

When does replication occur in prokaryotes

A

Replication occurs when regulatory proteins bind to a starting point on the chromosome they trigger s phase to occur

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16
Q

In prokaryotes replication starts in____
spot

A

One

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17
Q

In what direction does replication occur in prokaryotes

A

Replication starts in one spot and proceeds in opposite directions

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18
Q

What happens after replication in prokaryotes

A

Often to DNA attach to different sides of the cell and separate during cytokinesis

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19
Q

How is DNA stored in eukaryotes

A

Tightly package with histones to form chromatin which is stored in the nucleus

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20
Q

Where does replication begin on DNA

A

Replication may begin at many places on DNA

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21
Q

In what direction is replication occur in eukaryotes

A

Replication can start in many spots and proceed in opposite directions

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22
Q

Damaged regions of DNA sometimes copied which may…

A

Alter certain genes

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23
Q

Semiconservative DNA replication

A

When DNA replicates the new DNA is made up of one daughter and one parent DNA strand

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24
Q

How many problems does DNA polymerase have

A

3

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25
Q

What is the first problem of DNA polymerase

A

DNA polymerase cannot start a new strand enough unless there is an existing nucleotide in place

26
Q

What is the solution to the first problem of DNA Polymerase

A

Primase

27
Q

Primase

A

Enzyme that puts down and RNA primer so that DNA polymerase can build the rest of the strand

28
Q

What is the second problem of DNA polymerase

A

DNA polymerase can only work in a five prime to three prime direction

29
Q

What is the solution to the second DNA polymerase problem

A

Okazaki fragments

30
Q

How do Okazaki fragments work

A

Okazaki fragments form starting from about 100 to 200 base pairs away from the RNA primer

31
Q

After Okazaki fragments form DNA polymerase takes away

A

The primer

32
Q

What connects Okazaki fragments

A

DNA ligase

33
Q

How does DNA ligase connect Okazaki fragments

A

DNA ligase connects the Okazaki fragments fragments by forming covalent bonds between the sugar and phosphate groups

34
Q

The strand that goes from 3 prime to 5 prime is called the

A

Leading strand

35
Q

The strand going from 5 Prime to 3 prime is called the

A

Lagging strand

36
Q

What is the third problem of DNA polymerase

A

Every time the DNA replicates DNA gets shorter because when the DNA polymerase takes away the primer there is nothing to replace it

37
Q

What is the solution to the third problem of DNA polymerase

A

Telomerase produces telomeres which are useful so when the DNA strands shorten you are not losing useful DNA

38
Q

The telomeres produced by telomerase are

A

Nonsensical Nucleotides are just there so but don’t affect anything

39
Q

when does replication occur

A

occurs during s phase in interphase

40
Q

Conservative model of DNA

A

the parental double helix remains intact and al new copy is made
PARENT
/ \
PARENT NEW
/ \ / \
Parent New New New

41
Q

Semiconservativemodel of DNA

A

the two strands of the parental molecule separate and each function as a template for synthesis of a new complementary strand
PARENT
/ \
both both
/ \ / \
both New New both

42
Q

Dispersive model of DNA

A

each strand is made of both daughter and parent strands in odd newly synthesized parts
PARENT
/ \
mix mix
/ \ / \
mix mix mix mix

43
Q

heterochromatin

A

loops on scaffold proiten

44
Q

euchromatin

A

most unwound form of DNA – js the nucleosomes together

45
Q

origin of replication

A

where they get the signal thingie and where the replication forks form

46
Q

replication bubble

A

the whole replication bubble thing

47
Q

how many replication bubbles does a prokaryote have

A

one

48
Q

how many replication bubbles do eukaryotes have

A

multiple

49
Q

Helicase

A

the enzyme that separates the strands and starts the bubble

50
Q

single strand binding proteins

A

proteins that temporarily block bases so that they can’t attract each other – they do this by preventing H bonds

51
Q

Topoisomerase

A

alleviate stress on the DNA bc as the helicase unwinds the DNA bc it builds up stress (imagine pulling a rope part) by cutting and putting back DNA so that helicase can keep doing its thang

52
Q

why is the lagging strand called a lagging strand

A

bc of okazaki fragments

53
Q

how do you get energy for polymerization

A

all of the bases start as ATP, GTP, etc. so when the 2 phoshates break off to provide energy

54
Q

how are the 5’ and 3’ end determined

A

the one with the 5 carbon standing up is the 5’ side and vice versa for 3’

55
Q

lagging grows ____ separation

A

away

56
Q

leading grows ____ separation

A

towards

57
Q

after a new daughter strand is made what happens to the RNA primer

A

it leaves bc it doesn’t mix with DNA properly

58
Q

mismatch repair

A

enzymes that check DNA, look for mistakes, change, and sometimes they cause mistakes bc they remove the wrong thing

59
Q

nucleotide excision repair

A

enzymes that cut out some segments of DNA and polymerasge adds good bases by gluing them with ligase and for larger mistakes they add a thymine dimers which distorts the DNA in order to break it and add the good DNA

60
Q

which side of the DNA is always shorter and why

A

5’ end bc nonsense side so it gets shorter during every replication

AP Bio (67 decks)

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