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AP Bio > The Cell Part 1 > Flashcards

The Cell Part 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell

A

the smallest living unit of all living things

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2
Q

Microscope

A

an instrument used to observe small objects such as cells by making enlarged images of them

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3
Q

What is the modern cell theory?

A

It is a compilation of discoveries that is now considered a fundamental concept of biology.

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4
Q

How many parts does the modern cell theory consist of?

A

3 statements

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5
Q

What are the statements that make up the Modern Cell Theory?

A

1) The cell is the fundamental structure and function in living things.
2) All living things are composed of cells
3) Cells come from pre existing cells.

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6
Q

When were the first magnifying objects made?

A

1550s

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7
Q

What were the first magnifying objects? and who made them?

A

Eyeglasses combined to make magnifying objects made by Eyeglass makers in Europe

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8
Q

Why is Robert Hooke important?

A

Robert Hooke was the first person RECOGNIZED to have looked through a compound microscope and discovered cells.
He thought they looked like the cork cells and thought they looked like the dorms in monasteries and therefore named them “cells.”

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9
Q

When did Robert Hooke discover cells?

A

1665

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10
Q

Who was Matthias Schleiden?

A

Matthias Schleiden was a botanist that stated that all plants are made of cells.

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11
Q

Who was Theodor Schwann?

A

Theodor Schwann was a zoologist who stated that all animals are made of cells.

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12
Q

Who was Anton Van Leeuwenhoek?

A

Businessman/ Scientists who used a single-lensed microscope to examine pond water, saliva in the mouth, etc. He discovered bacteria.

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13
Q

What did Van Leeuwenhoek call bacteria?

A

Animacules

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14
Q

What is Van Leeuwenhoek’s nickname?

A

Father of microscopy

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15
Q

When did Van Leeuwenhoek make his discovery?

A

1674

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16
Q

When did Schwann and Schleiden make their statements about animals and plants?

A

1830

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17
Q

What statement did Schwann and Schleiden come up with by working together?

A

All living things are made of cells.

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18
Q

Who was Rudolf Virchow?

A

A physician that stated that new cells can only be made by division of existing ones.

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19
Q

Was Virchow’s idea original?

A

No he proved Lorenz Oken’s theory.

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20
Q

When did Rudolf Virchow make his discovery?

A

1855

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21
Q

Most microscopes use ____ or _____ to create images

A

light; electrons

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22
Q

How many categories of types of microscopes are there? and what are they?

A

2; Compound light microscopes and Electron Microscopes

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23
Q

What are Compound Light Microscopes?

A

microscopes that use light, which allow light to pass through the specimen that it is viewing.

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24
Q

Compound Light Microscopes make micrographs in the gray scale. (True or False)

A

False; colored

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25
Q

How many lenses does a compound light microscope have? and what are they?

A

2; Objective Lens and Ocular Lens

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26
Q

Objective Lens

A

Lens that is located directly above the specimen -> enlarges it
(This lens can have different powers of magnification in different microscopes)

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27
Q

Ocular Lens

A

Lens that magnifies that specimen further

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28
Q

How close can a compound light microscope look at a specimen?

A

up to 1 millionth of a meter

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29
Q

What are the problems of using a compound light microscope?

A

1) Can only produce clear images of objects up to 1000x magnification bc radiation (light) scatter as it moves through matter
2) Most cells are transparent

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30
Q

How is transparency of cells fixed?

A

Use chemical stains/dyes on cells

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31
Q

Fluorescence Microscopy

A

When fluorescent dyes are used to give off a certain color, advanced techniques can attach fluorescent labels of different colors to different molecules so that scientists can see colored organisms moving (some of these methods need special microscopes)

32
Q

Micrograph

A

photo of object seen through microscope

33
Q

Specimen looked at through compound light microscopes need to be ___ and ____ to let ____ through it

A

thin, translucent, light

34
Q

How do electron microscopes work?

A

1) Coat specimen in metal
2) Put specimen in vacuum so that electrons only interact with air and nothing else
3) Use beam of electrons to make micrograph

35
Q

What are the beams of electrons focused by?

A

Magnetic Fields

36
Q

Electron Microscopes make images in gray scale.
(True or False)

A

True

37
Q

Electron Microscopes can magnify up to _______

A

1 billionth of a meter

38
Q

Electron microscopes commonly look at….

A

DNA or viruses

39
Q

How many types of electron microscopes are there? and what are they?

A

2; Transmission Microscopes (TE) and Scanning Microscopes (SE)

40
Q

All specimen observed with electron microscopes must be ____

A

dead

41
Q

What is the main purpose of transmission microscopes?

A

to explore cell structures and large proteins

42
Q

Transmission Microscopes have _____ magnification of scanning microscopes

A

half

43
Q

How do transmission microscopes make micrographs?

A

Sending electrons THROUGH the specimen

44
Q

All specimen observed with transmission microscopes must be ____ because ____

A

ultra thin so that the electrons can pass through

45
Q

Transmission Electron Microscopes make _____ micrographs (not color or grayscale)

A

flat and 2-D shaped because the sample has to be ultra thin

46
Q

Specimen studied under Scanning Microscopes can be cut ______

A

Into opaque 3-dimensional objects

47
Q

How do scanning microscopes make micrographs?

A

Shooting a lower voltage beam (skiny, pencil like) of electrons at the specimen

48
Q

Scanning Microscopes have _____ magnification of transmission microscopes

A

double

49
Q

Eu means

A

true

50
Q

karyote means

A

nucelus

51
Q

Contrast

A

the difference in brightness bewteen the light and the dark parts of an image

52
Q

Disadvantage of electron microscopes

A

the organism has to be dead

53
Q

Cyto

A

cell

54
Q

Cytology

A

study of cell strcture

55
Q

Cell fractionation done with what

A

centrifuge

56
Q

Cell fractionation

A

the separating of cell parts

57
Q

in Cell fractionation the ornganelles are taken out based on what

A

their size/density

58
Q

the lower speeds of cell fractionation take out what

A

the bigger organelles

59
Q

the faster speeds of cell fractionation take out what

A

the smaller organelles

60
Q

What is the purpose of cell fractionation

A

to study the individual organelles’funtion structure and enzymes

61
Q

As time goes on the person will spin the centrifuge faster or slower

A

faster

62
Q

basic order of cell fractionation happening

A

slow speed and short amt of time and big fat come out, scoop out, put rest, faster speed, faster time, scoop out MEDIUM, put rest, repeat

63
Q

Homoegenate

A

blended up soup that is made up of two things

64
Q

Supernatant

A

cell soup (the liquid left over after the scoop)

65
Q

Centrifuge spins at an angle
True or False

A

True –> to helpthe cell to separate

66
Q

Pellet

A

the organelle that is to be scooped out

67
Q

Cell

A

the basis structural and functional units of organisms

68
Q

____ increases while ___ stays the same (fill out with volume and surface area +the reason

A

surface area; volume; so theres ore room for reactions and organellles while still remaiming small bc organisms can only fit certain amt of cells

69
Q

miscroscopes

A

helps to see things that you cant see with the naked eye

70
Q

resolving power

A

resolutionon a microscope: the minimum distance that 2 points can be separated and still seen as 2 distinct points (clarity)

71
Q

magnification

A

ratio of size on an image to the size of the object (amount of times its increased its size)

72
Q

Light microscope

A

uses visible light to illuminate an object (can have light bulb or mirror) and the thing you put under it is a living organissm than is thin and NOT opaque

73
Q

Electron microscope

A

powerful in resolution and magnification, shot a tiny ray of electrons at substance

74
Q

how do scanning microscopes work

A

scan ray of electrons (super concentrated but skinny like stick) at the substance and then the electrosbounce off

75
Q

what type of microscope gets 3D images

A

scanning

AP Bio (67 decks)

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