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AP Bio > The Process of Cell Division > Flashcards

The Process of Cell Division Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Chromosome

A

genetic formation is bundled into packages of DNA

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2
Q

Where do most prokaryotes keep most of their genetic information?

A

in a singular circular chromosome

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3
Q

Eukaryotes have ________ chromosomes

A

multiple

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4
Q

how many chromosomes does a fruit fly cell have

A

8

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5
Q

how many chromosomes does a human cell have

A

46 (most)

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6
Q

Chromatin

A

complex of chromosome and protein

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7
Q

Nucleosome

A

the structure made when DNA wraps around 8 histones wice

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8
Q

Histone

A

most common protein used in DNA packaging

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9
Q

Coiling

A

when nucleosomes coil around each other

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10
Q

What does coiling produce

A

chromatin (IN = THIN)

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11
Q

Supercoil

A

when chromatin supercoils around each other

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12
Q

What does a supercoil produce

A

chromosomes

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13
Q

What makes it possible to separate DNA precisely during cell division

A

chromosomes

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14
Q

Cell Cycle

A

cycle in which a cell grows, prepares for division, and divides to form two daughter cells

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15
Q

How many phases does the cell cycle consist of

A

3

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16
Q

what are the 3 phases of the cell cycle

A

interphase, the mitotic phase, and cytokinesis

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17
Q

Binary Fission

A

the prokaryotic cell cycle, which is also a type of asxual reproduction

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18
Q

How many steps does Binary Fission consist of?

A

4

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19
Q

What are the four steps of Binary Fission?

A

1) The DNA (one circular chromosome) duplicates
2) The 2 DNA molecules attach to different regions of the cell
3) The cell membrane indents
4) The cell divides into two new cells

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20
Q

How many sub phases does Interphase have

A

3

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21
Q

What are the subphases of Interphase

A

1) {kinda iffy sub phase} Gap Ø
2) G₁
3) S
4) G₂

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22
Q

Gap Ø is aka

A

Gap Zero

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23
Q

G₁ is aka

A

Gap 1

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24
Q

S is aka

A

synthesis

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25
Q

G₂ is aka

A

Gap 2

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26
Q

Where is 90% of the cell cycles time spent in

A

interphase

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27
Q

Prior to synthesis how many chromosomes are present in human cells

A

46

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28
Q

Gap 1

A

basic growth of proteins, organelles, etc. Cell gets bigger and undergoes chemical processes

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29
Q

Gap Zero

A

cells that are not preparing to divide (normal)

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30
Q

Do all cells go through Gap zero at some point

A

MOST cells

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31
Q

Synthesis

A

where we copy genetic material. (duplicate chromatin)

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32
Q

How many chromatin are present at the end of synthesis?

A

92

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33
Q

Gap 2 is aka

A

the mitosis prep stage

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34
Q

Gap 2

A

duplicate centrosomes and centrioles (CENTRIOLES IN ANIMAL CELLS ONLY) also continue growing, double organelles, chemical reactions, etc.

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35
Q

What is the shortest phase of interphase

A

Gap 2

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36
Q

Centrosome

A

an organelle near the nucleus of a cell which contains the centrioles (in animal cells) and from which the spindle fibers develop in cell division.

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37
Q

Gap 1 and Gap 2 are periods of…

A

intense growth and activity

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38
Q

Mitotic phase

A

division of the nucleus

39
Q

how many sub phases make up the mitotic phase

A

4

40
Q

what are the four sub phases of the mitotic phase

A

PPMAT (Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and Telephase)

41
Q

What is 10% or less of the cell cycle?

A

Mitotic Phase

42
Q

What is the longest phase of mitosis

A

prophase

43
Q

What occurs in prophase

A
  • nuclear envelope and nucleolus break down
  • genetic material condenses and duplicated chromosomes become visible as sister chromatids that are connect IN THEIR CENTROMERES
  • the mitotic spindles start to grow and the centromeres and microtubules get farther and farther away from each other
44
Q

What are spindle fibers made up of

A

microtubules

45
Q

Centromeres

A

the region of a chromosome to which the microtubules of the spindle attach during cell division

46
Q

What is the shortest phase of the mitotic phase

A

anaphase

47
Q

What occurs in metaphase

A

the chromosmes with their mictorubles attached to a kinetochore on each of the sister chromatids line up in the middle and form a Metaphase plate

48
Q

What occurs in Anaphase

A
  • the chromosomes are split into sister chromatids - and now the sister chromatids are called CHROMOSOMES - because the cohesins are split
  • sister chromatids are pulled back towards the poles of the cell via the cytoskeleton + microtubules
  • the cell gets longer bc the other microtubules push push
49
Q

What form is the genetic material in interphase

A

chromatin

50
Q

What starts the pulling back of the chromosomes

A

the centromere

51
Q

How do the spindle fibers break down

A

the chromosomes spit enzymes that break down the spindle fibers as they pull them back

52
Q

Sister chromatids

A

two chromosomes joined together by a centromere

53
Q

Genetic material is in what form for prophase

A

chromosome

54
Q

During metaphase genetic material is

A

chromosomes

55
Q

during anaphase genetic material is

A

sister chromatids to individual chromosomes

56
Q

during anaphase genetic material is

A

sister chromatids turn into chromsomes (the individual sister chromatids)

57
Q

What occurs in telephase

A
  • Reform nuclear envelopes and nucleolus
  • the spindle fibers break down (depolymerize)
  • Unsupercoil chromosomes to become chromatin
  • 2 daughter cells from in cell
58
Q

Cytokinesis

A

completes cell division by splitting cell into two daughter cells

59
Q

How does cytokinesis occur in animal cells

A

cleavage furrow is made and divide the cell into two and the cytoplasm splits

60
Q

how is the cleavage furrow made

A

actin microfilaments make a ring like a butt with the help of myosin molecules and the butt gets deeper till it poops and makes 2 daughter cells

61
Q

How does cytokinesis occur in plant cells

A
  • golgi apparatus secretes parts of the cell wall (cellulose) also phospholipids in vesicles
  • the vesicles line up in the middle of the cell
  • the vesicles create a cell plate
  • the cell plate fuses with the wall, splitting the cell
62
Q

cell plate

A

made by the vesicles secreted by the golgi appartus during cytokinesis - is very flexible

63
Q

genome

A

all the DNA (genetic information )

64
Q

What did virchow say

A

all cells come from existing cells – idea of biogenesis

65
Q

Biogenesis

A

creation of life

66
Q

somatic

A

of the body

67
Q

diploid

A

2 sets of chromosomes

68
Q

Sister chromatids

A

the individual halves of a chromosome –> identical DNA molecules

69
Q

chromatid

A

when the sister chromatids are joined together by a kinetochore in the centomere

70
Q

Chromosome

A

tightly coiled DNA with proteins that condenses during prophase in cell division

71
Q

Chromatin

A

histones and DNA not looped just the complex itself –> this is how DNA is stored

72
Q

Kinetochore

A

protein that joins the two sister chromatids

73
Q

Centromere

A

the region where sister chromatids connect

74
Q

Cohesins

A

protein complexes where the sister chromatids originally connect

75
Q

asters

A

the little baby mitotic spindle microtubules in prophase

76
Q

what happens in Prometaphase

A
  • the nuclear envelope go bye bye
  • MICROTUBULES ATTACK –> invade nuclear area and the CENTROMERES get further away from each other
  • chromosomes get fatter
  • each of the 2 chromatids of a chromosome gain a kinetochore which attaches to microtubule
77
Q

are the centrioles neccesary in prophase

A

no scientists discovered that they’re actually useless

78
Q

Polymerize

A

when the spindle fibers elongate (push push push push) in anaphase

79
Q

Where are the centrioles located in mitosis

A

in the centrosomes

80
Q

job of centrioles

A

move the spindle fibers

81
Q

Why do some of the microtubules in anaphase push push push

A

bc they don’t attach to kinetochores so they don’t have a reason to pull back also plays a part in the cleaveage furrow

82
Q

How do the cohesins split in anaphase

A

an enzyme called separase cleaves them

83
Q

How do the chromosomes get pulled back in

A

motor proteins on the kinetochores walk the chromosomes back along the microtubules while also depolymerizing the microtubule its attached to by chomping off and releasing its tubulin subunits

84
Q

how do the non-kinetochore microtubules lengthen

A

they push push push and then when they’re next to each other they use motor proteins and ATP to walk away from another to elongate the cell

85
Q

Cell Cycle Control System

A

a cyclically operating set of molecules in the cell that tells key events and also helps them happen

86
Q

Cell Cycle check points

A

checkpoints in the cell checks if uits ready to go on to the next step and continue cell division

87
Q

How many cell cycle checkpoints are there and what are they

A

`3: G1 G2 and M

88
Q

What is the most important checkpoint and =why

A

G1 because if the cell doesn’t pass G1 it just goes back to GO and it doesn’t divide or do anything or go to the other stupid checkpoints because its not gonna waste its resources or energy because its not gonna work anyway

89
Q

What happens in the G1 checkpoint

A

are the growth factors there is the cell big enough to go cell division are there enough nutrients

90
Q

What happens at the M checkpoint

A

the kinetochores send signals saying that I not attached in not attached to the spindle fibers to the APC until they’re all attached and when they are APC gets active and you go into anaphase

91
Q

When does the M checkpoint occur

A

right before anaphase

92
Q

internal signals

A

messages from proteins and shit – mitosis cant happen if they’re not good

93
Q

external signals

A

things outside the cell like nutrients its in or wtv cant do mitosis if not good

94
Q

growth factor

A

protein released that tells cells to divide

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