14.3 Studying the Human Genome Flashcards
How do scientists read the best sequences of DNA
By using tools that cut separate and replicate DNA base by Base
Restriction enzymes
Enzymes that cut DNA into restriction fragments 
Restriction enzymes are also known as
Restriction endonuclease
Restriction enzymes are made by
Bacteria whose job is to cut DNA into smaller pieces so they can be easily analyzed when is extracted from a cell
Do restriction enzymes cut DNA at the same places
No they are cut DNA a different sequences of nucleotides
Restriction fragments
Small precise pieces of DNA only several hundred base pairs long
Gel electrophoresis
A technique used by scientist to separate and analyzed differently sized restriction fragments
How many steps are there to gel electrophoresis
2
What are the steps of gel electrophoresis
1) A mixture of restriction fragments is placed into wells at one end of porous gel
2)  An electric voltage is applied to the gel in the negatively charged DNA moves towards the positive end of the gel
What is the gel in gel electrophoresis Usually made of
Agarose
The ___ the DNA the ___ it moves
Smaller faster
The wells in gel electrophoresis are located on the _____ Charged side of the gel
Negatively
There is a ____ on top of the gel in gel electrophoresis
Buffer which spreads electricity
What process do scientist use to read DNA
Sanger sequencing
Restriction site
Site where enzymes bond to split DNA
Restriction sites are usually how long
4 to 8 base pairs long
Sanger Sequencing
Sequencing DNA taken out of the ordered form made in gel electrophoresis
How many steps are in Sanger sequencing
3
