15.15 + 15.16 Phylogenies ... (THIS IS BEFORE 51) Flashcards
Phylogeny
the evolutionary history of an organism/species
Systematics
classification of organisms based on their phylogeny ~ more general
Phylogenetic Trees are based on
divergent evolution
Phylogentic trees
branching diagrams based on phylogeny and linneaen system
What is Convergent Evolution a probelm with?
problem with linnaean classification and creating phylogenetic trees
Convergent Evolution
the evolution of organisms that are not related to have similar characteristics
Analogy
similarity between two species due to convergent evolution
Analogous Structures
the similar structures created in convergent evolution (that have the same functions)
What are analogous structures caused by
environmental needs
Cladistics
the science of defning relationships between organisms based on their phylogeny and common ancestry
Clade
an ancestor and all of its descendants, both living and extent
What are clades aka
monophyletic group
Shared derived Character
characteristics that are unique to a clade and is not found in its ancestors
Shared ancestral character
trait that is part of the clade, but is not unique to the clade
Outgroup
organisms outside of the clade
Ingroup
organisms being studied in the clade
Parsimony
the idea that states that you can use the simplest explanation with the least amount of steps to study evolutionary changes
Maximum likelihood is the opposite of ______
parsimony
Maximum likelihood
idea that states that you cannot use the simplest amount of steps to study evolutionary relationships bc you need to use all of the data/info you have
Molecular Systematics
what we design phylogenetic trees from
uses molecular homologies
What is used to sort organisms into molecular systematics?
DNA, RNA, amino acids, etc. evidence
Endosymbiosis
theory that one prokaryote engulfed another prokaryote, which is what led to organisms having organelles in their cells
What organelles did endosymbiosis lead to?
mitochondria and chloroplasts
