15.15 + 15.16 Phylogenies based on Homolgies; Phylogentic Trees -> Shared Characters

Question 1

Phylogeny

Answer 1

the evolutionary history of an organism/species

Question 2

Systematics

Answer 2

classification of organisms based on their phylogeny ~ more general

Question 3

Phylogenetic Trees are based on

Answer 3

divergent evolution

Question 4

Phylogentic trees

Answer 4

branching diagrams based on phylogeny and linneaen system

Question 5

What is Convergent Evolution a probelm with?

Answer 5

problem with linnaean classification and creating phylogenetic trees

Question 6

Convergent Evolution

Answer 6

the evolution of organisms that are not related to have similar characteristics

Question 7

Analogy

Answer 7

similarity between two species due to convergent evolution

Question 8

Analogous Structures

Answer 8

the similar structures created in convergent evolution (that have the same functions)

Question 9

What are analogous structures caused by

Answer 9

environmental needs

Question 10

Cladistics

Answer 10

the science of defning relationships between organisms based on their phylogeny and common ancestry

Question 11

Clade

Answer 11

an ancestor and all of its descendants, both living and extent

Question 12

What are clades aka

Answer 12

monophyletic group

Question 13

Shared derived Character

Answer 13

characteristics that are unique to a clade and is not found in its ancestors

Question 14

Shared ancestral character

Answer 14

trait that is part of the clade, but is not unique to the clade

Question 15

Outgroup

Answer 15

organisms outside of the clade

Question 16

Ingroup

Answer 16

organisms being studied in the clade

Question 17

Parsimony

Answer 17

the idea that states that you can use the simplest explanation with the least amount of steps to study evolutionary changes

Question 18

Maximum likelihood is the opposite of ______

Answer 18

parsimony

Question 19

Maximum likelihood

Answer 19

idea that states that you cannot use the simplest amount of steps to study evolutionary relationships bc you need to use all of the data/info you have

Question 20

Molecular Systematics

Answer 20

what we design phylogenetic trees from
uses molecular homologies

Question 21

What is used to sort organisms into molecular systematics?

Answer 21

DNA, RNA, amino acids, etc. evidence

Question 22

Endosymbiosis

Answer 22

theory that one prokaryote engulfed another prokaryote, which is what led to organisms having organelles in their cells

Question 23

What organelles did endosymbiosis lead to?

Answer 23

mitochondria and chloroplasts