6.2.8 - Types Of Immunity

Question 1

How Is The Immune System Activated?

Answer 1

When a new antigen is encountered.

Question 2

What Is Meant By ‘Primary Response’?

Answer 2

Occurs the first time an antigen is encountered by the immune system.

Question 3

Describe The ‘Primary Response’ When Developing Immunity
(3 Points)

Answer 3

~ New antigen enters the body.

~ Non-specific immune response is carried out first.

~ Then the specific immune response is activated.

Question 4

Describe The Features Of The ‘Primary Response’
(5 Points)

Answer 4

~ There are low numbers of T and B cells, with the correct membrane receptors present.

~ It takes time for these T and B cells to be activated, then divide and differentiate into different cell types.

~ During this the time the person will be experiencing symptoms.

~ After being exposed T and B cells produce memory cells, which remain in the blood.

~ The person is said to be immune now.

Question 5

What Is Meant By The ‘Secondary Response’?

Answer 5

Occurs when the same antigen enters the body, the immune system will produce a quicker and stronger immune response.

Question 6

Describe The Features Of The ‘Secondary Response’
(4 Points)

Answer 6

~ Memory cells are present in larger quantities.

~ T memory cells divide into the correct T cells, to eliminate the foreign cell.

~ B memory cells divide into plasma cells, to produce the correct antibody to the antigen.

~ Eliminating the pathogen, before symptoms are shown.

Question 7

What Are All The Types Of Immunity?
(4 Points)

Answer 7

~ Active natural.

~ Active artificial.

~ Passive natural.

~ Passive artificial.

Question 8

What Is ‘Active Immunity’?
(2 Points)

Answer 8

~ When your immune system makes its own antibodies, after being stimulated by an antigen.

~ Body produces memory cells in both cases, giving the person long term immunity.

Question 9

Describe Active Natural Immunity

Answer 9

Acquired through exposure to pathogens.

Question 10

Describe Active Artificial Immunity

Answer 10

Acquired through vaccination.

Question 11

What Is ‘Passive Immunity’?
(2 Points)

Answer 11

~ When antibodies are gained from another source, it isn’t produced by the infected person.

~ No memory cells are produced, giving the person short term immunity.

Question 12

Describe Passive Natural Immunity
(2 Points)

Answer 12

~ Foetuses receive antibodies via the placenta from their mothers.

~ Babies receive antibodies via breast milk from their mothers.

Question 13

Describe Passive Artificial Immunity

Answer 13

Acquired through an injection / transfusion of antibodies.

Question 14

What Are Vaccines?

Answer 14

Contains antigens that are intentionally put into the body, to activate active artificial immunity.

Question 15

What Do Vaccinations Contain?

Answer 15

Dead or weakened pathogens.

Question 16

Describe The Role Of Vaccines
(3 Points)

Answer 16

~ Administered via injection or mouth.

~ Produce long-term immunity as they cause the formation of memory cells.

~ Immune system then recognises the antigen when re-encountered and produces antibodies faster and stronger. (Secondary Response).

Question 17

What Is Antigenic Variation?
(2 Points)

Answer 17

~ Pathogens mutate frequently, meaning its antigens change, making the vaccine ineffective.

~ Provides the incentive to keep up with the changes to a pathogens antigens.