6.2.3 - Non-Specific Immune Responses

Question 1

What Are The 2 Types Of Types Of Immune Responses Once A Pathogen Enters?

Answer 1

~ Non-specific
~ Specific

Question 2

Describe The Non-specific Immune Response
(3 Points)

Answer 2

~ Response is the same.
~ Doesn’t recognise antigens.
~ Not particular for any one pathogen.

Question 3

Describe The Specific Immune Response

Answer 3

This is a response specific to a particular antigen.

Question 4

When A Pathogen Invades Tissue The Non-specific Immune Response Begins
Immediately, What Does This Include?
(3 Points)

Answer 4

~ Inflammation.
~ Interferons.
~ Phagocytosis.

Question 5

When A Pathogen Invades Tissue The Non-specific Immune Response Begins
Immediately, What Does This Include?
(3 Points)

Answer 5

~ Inflammation.
~ Interferons.
~ Phagocytosis.

Question 6

What Is Inflammation?

Answer 6

The surrounding area of a wound becomes swollen, warm and painful to the touch.

Question 7

What Chemical Causes Inflammation?

Answer 7

Histamine.

Question 8

What Cells Secrete Histamine?

Answer 8

Mast cells.

Question 9

What Is Histamine?

Answer 9

A chemical signalling molecule, also act as a neurotransmitter in the brain.

Question 10

What Are The Steps Of Histamine Stimulation?
(4 Points)

Answer 10

~ Vasodilation, increases the blood flow.

~ Capillary walls become leaky / permeable, allowing the fluid to enter the tissues creating swelling and some plasma proteins leave.

~ Phagocytes leave the blood and enter the tissue to engulf foreign particles.

~ Cells release cytokines, which triggers an immune response.

Question 11

How Are Interferons Produced?

Answer 11

By cells infected by viruses.

Question 12

What Do Interferons Do?

Answer 12

Prevent viruses from spreading to uninfected cells.

Question 13

How Do Interferons Prevent Viruses From Spreading To Uninfected Cells?
(3 Points)

Answer 13

~ They inhibit the production of viral proteins, preventing the virus from replicating.

~ They activate white blood cells involved with the specific immune response to destroy infected cells.

~ Promote inflammation.

Question 14

What Is Phagocytosis?

Answer 14

The process of engulfing and digesting cells.

Question 15

Describe Phagocytes
(3 Points)

Answer 15

~ Are a type of white blood cell responsible for removing dead cells and invasive microorganisms by engulfing or digesting.

~ They travel through the body and can leave the blood by squeezing through capillary walls.

~ During infection they are released in large numbers.

Question 16

What Are Phagocytes Attracted By?
(2 Points)

Answer 16

~ Chemicals released by pathogens.
~ Chemicals released by damaged cells. E.g. Cytokines and histamine.

Question 17

What Are The Steps Of Phagocytosis?
(5 Points)

Answer 17

~ Chemicals released by pathogens and by the body cells attracts phagocytes to the pathogens location.

~ Phagocytes recognise the antigens on the surface of the pathogen as being non-self.

~ The cell surface membrane of a phagocyte catches the pathogen, engulfing it and trapping the pathogen within a phagocytic vacuole (Endocytosis).

~ Digestive enzymes are released into the phagocytic vacuole when lysozymes fuse with it, digesting the pathogen.

~ After digestion, the phagocyte presents the antigen of the pathogen on its cell surface and becomes an antigen-presenting cell initiating the specific immune response.

Question 18

What Is Another Name For Swelling?

Answer 18

Oedema.