4.1.8 - Classification Flashcards
What Is Taxonomy?
(2 Points)
~ The practice of biological classification.
~ Involves naming organisms and organising them into groups based on similarities and differences.
What Does The Phylogenetic Classification System Enable Us To Do?
Arrange species into groups based on their evolutionary origins and evolutionary relationships.
What Are The Different Ranks Or Levels Within The Classification System Called?
Hierarchical classification system.
Is There Any Overlap Between Groups In The Taxonomic System?
No.
What Is Each Group In The Classification System Called?
Taxon (plural taxa).
Can Smaller Taxa Be Placed Within Larger Taxa?
Yes.
What Are The Eight Taxonomic Groups Used In Classification In Order?
Dominant, Kings, Play, Chess, On, Fancy, Gold, Squares.
What Happens As You Move Down The Hierarchy?
There are more groups at each level but fewer organisms in each group.
What Can Similar Kingdoms Be Grouped Into?
Domain.
What Can Similar Phylum Be Grouped Into?
Kingdom.
What Can Similar Classes Be Grouped Into?
Phylum.
What Can Similar Orders Be Grouped Into?
Class.
What Can Similar Families Be Grouped Into?
Order.
What Can Similar Genus Be Grouped Into?
Family.
What Can Similar Species Be Grouped Into?
Genus.
Why Are Species In The Same Genus Considered Separate Species?
They cannot breed together to produce fertile offspring, even though they may have similar phenotypes and genotypes, known as the species concept.
What Did Early Classification Systems Rely On To Classify Organisms?
Appearance (phenotype) of organisms.
Why Could Looks Be Deceiving When Classifying Organisms In Early Classification Systems?
Many non-related organisms share similar phenotypes, such as whales and sharks.
How Has Technology Helped In Understanding Evolutionary Relationships?
Advances like DNA sequencing have made it possible to compare the genotypes of organisms.
What Is The Binomial System?
The scientific naming system given to individual species.
What Does A Binomial Consist Of?
Consists of an organism’s genus and species name in modern Latin.
How Is The Genus Name Written?
Written first and is capitalised.
How Is The Species Name Written?
Comes second and is not capitalised.
How Are Binomials Formatted?
Both parts are in italics.
What Is The Binomial For Humans?
Homo sapiens.
Why Are Binomials Useful For Scientists?
Allow species to be universally identified, as the binomial for a species is the same across the entire globe.
What Are Organisms Classified Into Based On Shared General Features?
Classified into one of the five kingdoms.
What Determines The Placement Of Organisms Within These Kingdoms?
It is based on the general features that groups of organisms within these kingdoms share.
What Are The Five Kingdoms?
What Is An Example Of The Kingdom ‘Prokaryotae (Monera)’ & What Are Its Features?
(2 Points)
~ Example = Bacteria.
~ Features = Prokaryotes, unicellular, no nucleus and less than 5µm.
What Is An Example Of The Kingdom ‘Protoctista’ & What Are Its Features?
(2 Points)
~ Example = Algae (Have cellulose wall and chloroplasts) and Protozoa (No cell wall).
~ Features = Eukaryotic cells, usually live in watery environments, can exist as single-celled organisms or as a group of similar organisms.
What Is An Example Of The Kingdom ‘Fungi’ & What Are Its Features?
(2 Points)
~ Example = Moulds, yeasts and mushrooms.
~ Features = Eukaryotic cells, chitin cell wall, saprotrophic.
What Does Saprotrophic Mean?
Absorb substances from dead or decaying organisms.
What Is An Example Of The Kingdom ‘Plantae’ & What Are Its Features?
(2 Points)
~ Example = Mosses, ferns and flowering plants.
~ Features = Eukaryotic, multicellular, cellulose cell wall, contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis, autotrophic.
What does Autotrophic Mean?
Can produce their own food.
What Is An Example Of The Kingdom ‘Animalia’ & What Are Its Features?
(2 Points)
~ Example = Molluscs, insects, fish, reptiles, birds and mammals.
~ Features = Eukaryotic, multicellular, no cell walls and heterotrophic.
What Is Meant By Heterotrophic?
Consume plants and animals.
What Is The Three Domain Classification System Based On?
New information obtained from molecular analysis of RNA genes.
What Are The Three Domains In The Classification System?
(3 Points)
~ Archaea (prokaryotes).
~ Bacteria (prokaryotes).
~ Eukaryota (eukaryotes).
What Is Phylogeny?
Study of the evolutionary history of groups of organisms and can specify how closely related they are.
What Is Molecular Phylogeny?
Looks at molecules (DNA and proteins) to see how closely related organisms are.
What Is The New Classification System Based On?
Molecular phylogeny.
What Does A Greater Similarity In Molecules Suggest About Common Ancestors?
More similar the molecules, the more recent the common ancestor they share.
What Change Did Molecular Phylogeny Lead To In The Classification Of Prokaryotae?
Organisms in the kingdom Prokaryotae were reclassified into two separate domains, the Archaea and Bacteria.
What Did The Evidence Suggest About The Relationship Between Archaea And Bacteria?
That archaea and bacteria are less closely related to each other than scientists originally thought.
Into Which Domain Were Organisms From The Other Four Kingdoms Placed In The 3 Domain System?
Eukaryota.
