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Anatomy Decks > Wet Room 2 > Flashcards

Wet Room 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the autonomic motor fibres travelling?

A

Travelling in the vagus nerves (parasympathetic) and spinal cord segments T1-4 (sympathetic) are routed to the heart and coronary arteries via the cardiac/cardiopulmonary plexus situated at the bifurcation of the trachea

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2
Q

How do sensory and pain fibres travel?

A

Travel back from the heart to spinal cord levels T1-4 in the sympathetic nerves

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3
Q

What do the motor fibres do?

A

Innervate and influence nodes (SA and AV nodes) of modified cardiac muscle cells that spontaneously generate electrical impulses.

These modified cells are known as Purkinje cells and their branches as Purkinje fibres.

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4
Q
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5
Q
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6
Q

Where is the sinu-atrial node?

A

Lies near the opening of the SVC in the right atrium

(chamber)

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7
Q

Where does the atrioventricular node lie?

A

Lies in the inferior part of the intra-atrial septum

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8
Q

Where does the atrioventricular bundle (of His) lie?

A

Lies within each side of the intra-ventricular Septum

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9
Q

Where does the pain associated with cardiac ischemia carried back to?

A

Carried back to levels T1-4 of the spinal cord via afferent fibres within the sympathetic nerves supplying the heart.

This severe, ‘constricting’ pain is experienced on the anterior chest wall and also on the medial side of the left arm.

Such pain as emanating from an organ/viscus but experienced somatically is known clinically as “referred pain”.

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10
Q

What does the heart lies immediately in front of?

A

The oesophagus and vertebra T5-T8 in the recumbent (lying down) position

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11
Q

What is the base of the heart?

A

The base of the heart (left atrium) therefore lies immediately anterior to the oesophagus

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12
Q

What is the vertical position of the heart descend?

A

Heart descends by a small amount relative to the vertebral column.

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13
Q
A
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14
Q

Where is the apex?

A

5th left intercostal space, in the midclavicular line

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15
Q
A
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16
Q

What forms the right border of the heart

A

Right atrium

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17
Q

What forms the left border of the heart?

A

Left ventricle and left atrium

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18
Q

What forms the inferior border of the heart?

A

Right ventricle

The left ventricle contributes near the apex

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19
Q

What is the superior border of the heart?

A

Right and left atrium and the great vessels.

20
Q

What forms the anterior border of the heart?

A

Right ventricle

21
Q

What forms the base of the heart?

A

LA

22
Q

What is the diaphragmatic surface form?

A

R and L ventricles

23
Q

What does the dashed line represent?

A

Represent the sternomanubrial (T4) and xiphisternal T8/9) planes

24
Q

Posterior to which bone is the heart situated?

A

Breastbone plate

25
Q

Anterior to which four vertebrae is the heart situated?

A

Inferior 8 thoracic vertebrae

26
Q

Upon what structure does the inferior surface of the heart lie?

A

Sternum near the costal cartilages

27
Q

Where are the heart valves located

A
28
Q

Where can the heart valves be auscultated?

A
29
Q

Where can the pulmonary valve be auscultated?

A

2nd left space parasternally

30
Q

Where can the aortic valve be auscultated?

A

2nd right space, parasternally

31
Q

Where can the mitral valve be auscultated?

A

5th left space, mid clavicular line

32
Q

Where can the tricuspid valve be auscultated?

A

Over lower sternum, or just to right of it

33
Q
A
34
Q

What do the heart and blood vessels all have?

A

Same basic histological plan: An innermost epithelium, a middle muscle layer, and an outer connective tissue layer.

These layers are also known, respectively, as the tunica intima, tunica media and tunica adventitia.

There are three main histological types of artery: elastic arteries, muscular arteries and arterioles.

35
Q
A
36
Q
A
37
Q

What differences can you observe in the three layers making up the wall of each vessel above?

A

Different thickness and colour and cells

38
Q

What is the muscular artery layers?

A

Tunica intima: Presence of internal elastic lamina

Tunica media: Smooth muscle cells, elastin and collagen. Different colour and transverse arrangement of fibres

Tunica adventitia: Presence of vasa vasorum, broad layer

39
Q

What is the elastic artery?

A

Tunica intima: Layer of loose connective tissue below the endothelium

Tunica media: Presence of concentric fenestrated sheets of elastina nd only few smooth muscle fibres

Tunica adventitia: Circufrential arranged smooth muscles

40
Q

What type of artery are the aorta and pulmonary trunk?

A

Conducting and elastic

41
Q

What type of artery are the radial and femoral arteries?

A

Distributing and muscular

42
Q

What tissue predominates in the tunica media of arterioles?

A

Smooth muscle cells

43
Q

What are valves formed from?

A

The tunica intima of the vessels.

Conducting arteries are closer to the heart and elastic; distribution arteries are further from the heart and are muscular.

44
Q

What do the arterioles stem from?

A

Muscular arteries

45
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A
46
Q
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47
Q
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