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Anatomy Decks > Anatomy of Lower Leg, Ankle and Foot COPY > Flashcards

Anatomy of Lower Leg, Ankle and Foot COPY Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different compartments of muscles of the lower leg?

A
  • Anterior
  • Lateral
  • Posterior
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2
Q

What divides the different compartments of muscle?

A

Intermuscular septum from deep fascia divides the muscle compartment

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3
Q

What are the main nerves of the lower leg?

A
  • Common fibular nerve and branches (superficial and deep fibular nerves)
  • Tibial nerve
    • Branch of sciatic nerve
    • Enters foot and divides into medial and lateral plantar nerves
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4
Q

What does the tibial nerve branch from?

A

Sciatic nerve

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5
Q

What is the function of the ankle joint?

A
  • Critical in weight bearing and walking
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6
Q

What type of joint is the ankle joint?

A

Hinge type of synovial joint

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7
Q

What are the articulations of the ankle joint?

A
  • Between distal part of tibia, fibula and upper part of talus
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8
Q

Is the ankle joint more stable in plantar or dorsal flexion?

A

Dorsal flexion

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9
Q

Describe the structure of the capsule of the ankle

A
  • Capsule is thin in front and behind
  • Supported on each side by strong collateral ligaments
    • Medial ligament and lateral ligament
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10
Q

The medial ligaments stablise the ankle during what movement?

A

Eversion

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11
Q

The lateral ligaments stablise the ankle during what movement?

A

Inversion

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12
Q

Are the medial or lateral ligaments of the ankle more commonly involved in injuries?

A

Lateral

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13
Q

Anterior compartment of muscles are responsible for what movement?

A

Dorsiflexion

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14
Q

What is the anterior compartment of muscles composed of?

A
  • Tibialis anterior
  • Extensor digitorum longus
  • Extensor halluces longus
  • Peroneus or fibular tertius
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15
Q

Posterior complartment of muscles is responsible for what?

A

Plantar flexion

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16
Q

Posterior compartment of muscles is composed of what?

A
  • Superficial
    • Gastronemius
  • Intermediate
    • Soleus
    • Assisted by plantaris
    • Tibialis posterior
  • Deep flexors
    • Flexor halluces longus
    • Flexor digitorum longus
17
Q

What are some different pathologies of the ankle?

A
  • Ankle sprains
    • Inversion injury
  • Pott fracture
    • Dislocation of ankle
  • Footballer’s ankle
    • Repeated strain on the anterior capsule
  • Tarsal tunnel syndrome
    • Tibial nerve compression
18
Q

What is footballer’s ankle?

A

Repeated strain on the anterior capsule

19
Q

What is tarsal tunnel syndrome?

A

Tibial nerve compression

20
Q

What are the 4 different layers of the sole of the foot?

A
  • First layer
    • Plantar aponeurosis
  • Second layer
    • Lateral plantar nerve and artery
  • Third layer
    • Medial planter nerve and artery
  • Fourth layer
    • Dorsal interossei
    • Plantar interossei
21
Q

What are the functions of the bones of the foot?

A

Supports the body in standing and progression, by levering it forwards

22
Q

Skeleton of the foot is divided into?

A
  • Tarsus
  • Metatarsus
  • Phalanges
    • Big toe only has 2, the rest have 3
23
Q

At what joints is inversion and eversion carried out?

A

Carried out at subtalar and transverse tarsal joints

24
Q

What muscles are inverters?

A
  • Tibialis anterior and posterior
25
Q

What muscles are everters?

A
  • Fibularis longus and brevis
26
Q
A
27
Q

What are the functions of the arches of the foot?

A
  • Flexible and deform on uneven ground
  • Shock absorbers
  • Distribute weight over foot
  • Acts as springboards during walking, running and jumping
28
Q

What are the arches of the foot?

A
  • Longitudinal arch
    • Medial and lateral parts
    • Medial is more important
  • Transverse arch
29
Q

Integrity of the arches of the foot is maintained by?

A
  • Shape of united bones
  • Plantar aponeurosis
  • Long and short plantar ligaments
  • Spring ligament (calcuneonavicular)
  • Intrinsic muscles of foot
30
Q

What are some clinical problems with the arches of the foot?

A
  • Flat feet
    • Common in children <3 due to subcutaneous fat
    • Also in old people
    • Can be acquired due to dysfunction of tibialis posterior
  • High arched foot
    • Congenital

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