Cardiovascular System - Wet Room St. 1 and 2

Question 1

What are the three layers of the pericardium from external to internal?

Answer 1

• Fibrous pericardium
• Parietal Pericardium
• Visceral pericardium

Question 2

Between which pericardial layers does the pericardial cavity lie?

Answer 2

• Parietal
• Visceral

Question 3

What is the heart wall composed of?

Answer 3

• Endocardium
• Myocardium
• Epicardium (visceral pericardium)

Question 4

What is the endocardium composed of?

Answer 4

• A single layer of squamous epithelium

Question 5

What is the myocardium composed of?

Answer 5

• Multilayered cardiac muscle

Question 6

What is the epicardium composed of?

Answer 6

• Simple squamous epithelium

Question 7

What is the protective role of the fibrous pericardium?

Answer 7

Anchorage to surrounding walls

Prevents walls from filling with blood

Question 8

What is cardiac tamponade?

Answer 8

• When excess fluid accumulates within the pericardial cavitiy due to pathology
• The excess fluid compresses the heart chambers leading to reduced filling and in some cases cardiac failure

Question 9

How does the visceral pericardium receive autonomic innervation?

Answer 9

• From the T1-T4 nerves
• Vagus via cardiac plexus

Question 10

What are the fibrous and parietal pericardium innervated mainly by?

Answer 10

• Phrenic nerve

Question 11

What layers of the pericardium can feel pain?

Answer 11

• Fibrous
• Parietal

Question 12

What is the function of the left and right auricles of the atria?

Answer 12

• Collect oxygenated (left) and deoxygenated (right) blood from the bloodstream

Question 13

Try to identify

• Opening for SVC
• Interatrial spetum
• Fossa ovalis
• Opening for coronary sinus
• Opening for IVC
• Right auricle
• Crista terminalis
• Musculi pectinae
• Septal cusp of tricuspid valve

Answer 13

Question 14

What is atrial septal defect?

Answer 14

• ASD is a congenital cardiac abnormality presenting in adulthood
• The fossa ovale is patent allowing pulmonary venous return from the left atrium to pass directly to the right atrium and vice versa

Question 15

Identify the labels (except 8)

Answer 15

1. Trabeculae carneae
2. Chordae Tendinae
3. Posterior cusp of tricuspid
4. Septal cusp
5. Anterior cusp
6. Pulmonary trunk
7. Pulmonary (semilunar) valve
8. Septomarginal Trabecula
9. Posterior Papillary muscles
10. Anterior Papillary muscles

Question 16

What is the function of the septomarginal trabeculum?

Answer 16

• Moderator band
• Carries signals from the intraventricular septum

Question 17

How many times larger is the left ventricle compared to the right?

Answer 17

• 3x as big

Question 18

What two vessels enter the left atrium?

Answer 18

Superior and inferior pulmonary vein

Question 19

How many papillary muscles are found in the left and right ventricle?

Answer 19

• 2 in the left
• 3 in the right

Corresponds to the number of cusps in their native valves

Question 20

What is the function of papillary muscles?

Answer 20

• Prevent the valves from inverting

Question 21

What is ventricular septal defect?

Answer 21

• A hole in the wall between the ventricles (congenital)

Question 22

What is the aetiology of VSD?

Answer 22

• Unknown
• More common in children with other genetic problems such as Down’s syndrome more