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Step 1 Review > Resp Pathology High Yield > Flashcards

Resp Pathology High Yield Flashcards

1
Q

What type of hypersensitivity reaction is allergic rhinitis?

A

Type I

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2
Q

What is the most common location of a nose bleed (epistaxis)?

A

anterior segment of the nostril (Kiesselback plexus)

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3
Q

A life threatening nosebleed stems from which artery?

A

Sphenopalatine artery (a branch of maxillary artery

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4
Q

What are the 3 aspects of Virchow triad?

A

1- stasis
2- hypercoagulability
3- endothelial damage

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5
Q

Are pulmonary emboli associated with respiratory acidosis or alkalosis?

A

Alkalosis (due to the hypoxemia)

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6
Q

What happens to the FEV1 in obstructive lung diseases?

A

DECREASE

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7
Q

What happens to the FEV1/ FVC ratio in obstructive lung diseases?

A

DECREASED

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8
Q

“hyperplasia of mucous secreting glands in bronchi”

A

Chronic bronchitis

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9
Q

“enlargement of air spaces (either panacina or centriacinar) leading to decreased recoil and increased compliance”

A

Emphysema

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10
Q

Which type of alveolar wall destruction is associated with smoking associated emphysema?

A

Centriacinar

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11
Q

“increased elastase activity” can be caused by what 2 factors?

A

Increased production of elasetase (smoking)

OR

Decreased A1AT (regulatory to keep elastase in check)

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12
Q

“bronchial hyperresponsivenes causes reversible bronchoconstriction”

A

Asthma

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13
Q

“sloughed off epithelium forms whorled mucus plugs”

A

Asthma

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14
Q

“chronic necrotizing infection of bronchi–> perminently dilated airways”

A

Bronchiectasis

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15
Q

Describe the ration of FEV1/ FVC in restrictive lung diseases?

A

INCREASED (because FVC decreases more than FEV1)

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16
Q

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is associated with which types of hypersensitvity reaction?

A

Mixed Type III/ IV

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17
Q

Where is asbestos located in the lung?

A

Lower lobes

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18
Q

What is a found in the sputum in asbestiosis?

A

Golden brown asbestos bodies (fusiform rods resembiling dumbbels)

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19
Q

Where in the lungs is berylliosis located?

A

Upper lobes

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20
Q

Where does beryllium exposure occur?

A

Aerospace and manufacturing industries

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21
Q

What is black lung disease?

A

Coal workers pneumoconiosis (macrophages laden with carbon)

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22
Q

Where in the lungs is coal located?

A

Upper lobes

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23
Q

What are the lung findings in silicosis?

A

Fibrotic lung nodules in upper lobes

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24
Q

Where can you be exposed to silica?

A

Sandblasting and mines

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25
Q

What ratio is calculated to check lung maturity?

A

Lecithin: sphingomyelin

Mature >2

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26
Q

“diffuse alveolar damage”

A

ARDS

27
Q

“intra- alveolar hyaline membranes”

A

ARDS

28
Q

“while asleep, respiratory effort against airway obstruction”

A

OSA

29
Q

What is normal mean pulmonary artery pressure?

A

10-14 mmHg

30
Q

What gene is implicated in pulmonary arterial HTN that normally inhibits vascular smooth muscle proliferation?

A

BMPR2

31
Q

What intrinsic lung diseas can lead to pulmonary HTN?

A

Destruction of lung parenchyma (COPD)

32
Q

Describe the following characteristics for Pleural Effusion:

Breath Sounds
Percussio
Fremitus
Trachial deviation

A

Breath Sounds: D

Precussion: Dull

Fremitus: D

Deviation: Away from side of lesion

33
Q

Describe the following characteristics for Atelectasis:

Breath Sounds
Percussio
Fremitus
Trachial deviation

A

Breath Sounds: D

Percussion: Dull

Fremitus: D

Trachial: toward side of lesion

34
Q

Describe the following characteristics for simple pneumothorax:

Breath Sounds
Percussio
Fremitus
Trachial deviation

A

Breath Sounds: D

Percussion: hyperresonant

Fremitus: D

Trachial: –

35
Q

Describe the following characteristics for tension pneumothorax:

Breath Sounds
Percussio
Fremitus
Trachial deviation

A

Breath Sounds: D

Percussion: hyperresonant

Fremitus: D

Trachial: away from side of lesion

36
Q

Describe the following characteristics for Consolidation:

Breath Sounds
Percussio
Fremitus
Trachial deviation

A

Breath Sounds: bronchail breath sounds (late inspiration crackles)

Percussion: hyperresonant

Fremitus: Increased

Trachial: –

37
Q

Are pleural effusions restrictive or obstructive?

A

Restrictive

38
Q

What are transudative pleural effusions due to?

A

Increaed hydrostatic pressure r decreaesd oncotic pressure

39
Q

What is exudative pleural effusion due to?

A

Malignancy, pneumonia, collagen vascular disease, trauma

40
Q

What is lymphatic pleural effusion due to?

A

Thoracic duct injury from trauma or malignancy

41
Q

“accumulation of air in pleural spae”

A

pneumothorax

42
Q

What are 3 common bugs to cause LOBAR pneumonia?

A

S. pneumoiae
Legionella
Klebsiella

43
Q

What are 4 common causes of bonchopneumonia?

A

S. pneumonia
S. aureus
H. influenzae
Klebsiella

44
Q

What are 4 common causes of interstitial (atypical) pneumonia?

A

Viruses
Mycoplasma
Legionella
Chlamydia

45
Q

“diffuse patchy inflammation localized to interstitial areas at alveolar walls”

A

interstitial pneumonia

46
Q

“acute inflammatory infiltrate from bronchioles into adjacent alveoli”

A

Bronchopneumonia

47
Q

What is the treatment for lung abscess?

A

Clindamycin

48
Q

What is indicative of lung abscess on Xray?

A

Air fluid levels

49
Q

What bugs commonly cause lung abscesses?

A

Anaerobes

S. aureus

50
Q

What is the indicative cell finding in mesothelioma?

A

Psammoma bodies

51
Q

“carcinoma that occurs at the apex of the lung”

A

Pancoast tumor

52
Q

What are 2 possible complications of pancoast tumors?

A

1- SVC syndrome

2- Horner Syndrome

53
Q

Aside from pancoast tumor what else can cause SCV syndrome?

A

thrombosis from indwelling catheter

54
Q

Cell marker for small cell carcinoma?

A

Chromogranin A

55
Q

What is the neoplastic cell in small cell?

A

Neuroendocrine Kulchintsky cells

56
Q

Oncogene associated with small cell carcinoma?

A

myc gene

57
Q

What mutations are seen in adenocarcinoma of the lung?

A

KRAS, EGFR, ALK

58
Q

What is a marker for adenocarcinoma of the lung?

A

Mucin

59
Q

What is the paraneoplastic syndrome associated with SCC of the lung?

A

PTHrP

60
Q

Histological features of SCC of the lung?

A

Keratin pearls and intercellular bridges

61
Q

Marker for large cell carcinoma of the lung?

A

beta hCG

62
Q

What is the cell of large cell carcinoma?

A

Pleomorphic giant cell

63
Q

Which lung cancer is associated with carcinoid syndrome (5-HT secretion)?

A

Bronchial carcinoid tumor

64
Q

Which 2 lung cancers are of neuroendocrine origin?

A

small cell and Broncioal carcinoid

Step 1 Review (62 decks)

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