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Step 1 Review > Neuro Path High Yield > Flashcards

Neuro Path High Yield Flashcards

1
Q

Which ApoE is associated with a decreased risk of Alzheimer’s disease?

A

ApoE2

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2
Q

Which ApoE is associated with an increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease?

A

ApoE4

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3
Q

What are the 2 main histological findings in alzheimer’s disease?

A

1- senile plaques (extracellular beta amyloid)

2- neurofibrillary tangles (intracellular hyperphosphorylate tau protein)

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4
Q

What chromosome is APP found on?

A

21!!

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5
Q

“dementia, aphasia,, change in personality, parkinson like symptoms”

A

Frontotemporal dementia/ Pick disease

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6
Q

Histological findings in Pick disease?

A

Tau protein aggregates

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7
Q

“demientia that begins with visual hallucinations adn then parkinsons features”

A

Lewy body dementia

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8
Q

What is the histologic pattern in Lewy body dementia?

A

Alpha synuclein defect

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9
Q

“autoimmune inflammation and demyelination”

A

Multiple sclerosis

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10
Q

HLA type assoicated with multiple sclerosis?

A

HLA- DR2

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11
Q

What is the classic triad of MS?

A

SIN

Scanning speech
Intention tremor/ Incontinence
Nystagmus

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12
Q

“multiple white matter lesions separated in space and time

A

multiple sclerosis

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13
Q

“inflammation and demyelination of peripheral nerves and motor fibers–> ascending paralysis”

A

Guillain Barre syndrome

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14
Q

What causes guillain barre after an infection?

A

Molecular mimicry, inocultation and stress

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15
Q

“multifocal periventricular inflammation and demyelination after infection or certain vaccinations”

A

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis

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16
Q

AD inherited motor and sensory neuropathy due to defect production of myelin sheath or peripheral nerves”

A

Charcot- Marie-Tooth

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17
Q

“AR inherited lysosomal storage disease due to deficient of galactocerebrosidease”

A

Krabbe disease

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18
Q

What builds up in Krabbe disease?

A

Galactocerebroside–> destroys myelin

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19
Q

“AR inherited lysosomal storage disease due to defect in arylsulfatase A”

A

Metachromatic leukodystrophy

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20
Q

What builds up in metachromatic eukodystrophy?

A

sulfatides–> destruction of myelin sheath

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21
Q

“demyelination of CNS due to destruction of oligodendrocytes caused by JC virus”

A

PML

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22
Q

Most common location of partial (focal) seizure?

A

Medial temporal lobe

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23
Q

Difference between simple partial and complex partial seizures?

A

Simple–> consciousness intact

Complex–> consciousness impaired

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24
Q

Seizure characterized with quick repetitive jerks?

A

Myoclonic

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25
Q

“excruciating periorbital pain with lacrimation and rhinorrhea”

A

Cluster headaches

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26
Q

“pulsating pain with nausea, photophobia or phonophobia, due to irritation of CN V, meninges a=or blood vessel”

A

Migraine

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27
Q

What causes peripheral vertigo?

A

inner ear etiology

28
Q

What causes central vertigo?

A

cerebellar or brain stem lesion

29
Q

Which type of vertigo is associated with IMMEDIATE nystagmus is any direction?

A

Central vertigo

30
Q

Which type of vertigo is associated with delayed nystagmus is any direction?

A

Perpheral vertigo

31
Q

“Cafe-ai-lait spots, lisch nodules/ pigmented hamartomas, cutaenous neurofibromas, optic gliomas, pheochromocytomas”

A

Neurofibromatosis type I

32
Q

Gene mutated in Neurofibromatosis type I? What chromosome is it located on?

A

NF1 gene–> tumor suppressor (negative regulatory of RAS

Chromosome 17

33
Q

“hemangioblastom in retina, brain stem, cerebellum, spin, angiomatosis, bilateral renal cell carcinoma, pheochromocytoma”

A

von Hippel- Lindau disease

34
Q

“HAMARTOMAS–> Hamartomas in the skin/ CNS, Angiofibromas, Mitral Regurgitation, Ash-leaf spots, cardiac Rhabdo, mental retardation, renal angiomyolipoma, seizures, shagreen patches”

A

Tuberous sclerosis

HAMARTOMAS

35
Q

“port wine stain on face, ipsilateral leptomeningial angioma, seizures, intellectual disability, glaucoma, GNAQ gene, epilepsy”

A

Srurge- Weber Syndrome

36
Q

Malignant brain tumor found in cerebral hemispheres?

A

Glioblastoma multiforme

37
Q

What is the histological finding of glioblastoma multiforme?

A

“pseudopalisaiding” pleomorphic tumor cells–> border central areas of necrosis and hemorrhage

38
Q

What is the malignant cell type of glioblastoma multiforme?

A

Astrocytes (GFAP +)

39
Q

What is the malignant cell type of glioblastoma multiforme?

A

Astrocytes (GFAP +)

40
Q

Where do meningiomas occur?

A

in convexities of hemisphers (near surfaces of brain) and parasagittal region

41
Q

What is the histology of meningiomas?

A

Whorled pattern of spindle cells, psammoma bodies,

42
Q

What is the malignant cell type of meningiomas?

A

arachnoid cells

43
Q

Where are hemangioblastomas usually found?

A

cerebellum

44
Q

What disease are retinal hemangioblastomas associated with?

A

vHL disease

45
Q

What can hemangioblastomas secrete?

A

Erythropoietin–> secondary polycythemia

46
Q

What is the histology of hemangioblastomas?

A

closely arranged thin walled capillaries with minimal intervening parenchyma

47
Q

Where are schwannomas typically dound?

A

cerebellopontine angle

48
Q

What is the cell marker for schwannoma?

A

S-100 +

49
Q

What is a bilateral vestibular schwannoma associated with?

A

NF2

50
Q

What is a calcified tumor of white matter?

A

oligodendroglioma

51
Q

What are the histological findings with oligodendroglioma?

A

“fried egg” cells with a “chicken wire” capillary pattern

52
Q

What are the 4 childhood tumors?

A

1- pilocytic astrocytoma
2- Medulloblastoma
3- ependymoma
4- craniopharygioma

53
Q

What is the cell type of pilocytic astrocytoma? Is it benign or malignant?

A

Benign

Astrocytes

54
Q

Where are pilocytic astrocytomas usually located?

A

posterior fossa (cerebellum)

55
Q

Cell marker for pilocytic astrocytoma?

A

GRAP

56
Q

What is the histologic findings of pilocytic astrocytoma?

A

Rosenthal fibers (eosinophilic, corkscrew fibers”

57
Q

Where are medulloblastomas located?

A

cerebellum

58
Q

What are the malignant cells in medulloblastoma?

A

Primitive neuroectodermal tumor

59
Q

What is the histological finding of medulloblastoma?

A

Homer- Wright rosettes

60
Q

How does medulloblastoma spread?

A

CSF….it is highly malignant and caries a poor prognosis

61
Q

Where are ependymomas commonly found?

A

4th ventricle

62
Q

Where are craniopharyngiomas located?

A

Near pituitary

63
Q

What are craniopharyngiomas made of?

A

Epithelial remnants of rathke ouch

64
Q

What symptoms is associated with a uncal herniation?

A

Compression of ipsilateral CN III–> down and out gaze

Compresses ipsilateral PCA–> contralateral homonymous hemioanopia

65
Q

What symptoms is associated with a uncal herniation?

A

Compression of ipsilateral CN III–> down and out gaze

Compresses ipsilateral PCA–> contralateral homonymous hemioanopia

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